1-10 Flashcards
Cold War
-1950’s
=Department of Defense created ARPA: Advanced Research Project Agency
-1960’s
=ARPA starts research on a “network” that could survive a nuclear attack
=Actually more of way to reliably interconnect local area networks
ARPANET
-First message sent on October 20, 1969 between UCLA and SRI
-System crashed on the third letter
By December 5, ARPANET had 4 “nodes”
-University of California Los Angeles
=Stanford Research Institute
=University of Utah
=University of California Santa Barbara
-Bandwidth: 56 kbps
Other Networks
-There were other networks (besides ARPANET) using different technologies (NPL, Merit, CYCLADES, and X.25)
-Needed way of communicating between them
-Packet switching developed in mid-1970’s to address this issue
Packet Switching
-Messages divided into individual packets
=Each packet has a header and arbitrary data
=Every packet is the same size
=Each packet is transmitted and routed independently (using routers)
=No single point of failure (decentralized and more robust)
-Different from circuit switching (like with telephone switchboard operators) that has a single point of failure
-Created in 1965, so pre-dates the Internet
-Adapted for the ARPANET soon after its creation, becoming the first “service”
-1971: Modern email created, using the @ symbol to separate mailbox (i.e. user) names from host names
USENet Newsgroups / MUD (Late 1970’s)
-USENet Newsgroups
=Divided into different topics / anybody can post articles to a newsgroup
=Bulletin board systems (like forums today)
=No central server or dedicated system administrators
-MUD (multi-user dungeons) also created
=First online RPG (role playing game)
=Allowed online players to chat with each other
=Text-based (no graphics like today’s RPGs)
Merging the Networks (TCP/IP)
-In the 1970’s, research started on a set of communication protocols to “unify” ARPANET and the other networks
-TCP/IP (which define how packet switching works) finalized in 1978
-Became possible to join almost any networks together
-1974: First use of the term “internet” (short for internetworking), though this term would not be adopted as the name of the global network until the 1980’s
-TCP/IP become the official communications standard on ARPANET and other networks on January 1, 1981 (marking the start of the “modern” Internet)
1980’s … the Modern Internet Emerges
-January 1, 1981: Start of “modern Internet”
-1981: CSNET created to link more universities
-1983: URLs as we know them today are created
-1983: MILNET split from the APRANET
-1983: “War Games” released, beginning of “hacker culture” in popular culture
-1986: NSFNET created as a “backbone” that connected various supercomputers around the country
-The expanded use of NSFNET allowed the ARPANET to be decommissioned in 1990
1990’s
-Internet Service Providers (ISPs) become a way for home users to connect to the Internet
=Dial-up (slow - 56 kbps)
=Crucial in getting home users used to being online
-World Wide Web and graphical web browsers developed
=Makes Internet easier to use
=Greatly increased popularity of Internet
-1995: Final restrictions on accessing the Internet lifted
Early Web Browsers
-1993: Mosaic
=First GUI-based web browser
=Non-commercial (free)
-1994: Netscape Navigator
=Based on Mosaic
=First commercial web-browser (not free)
-1995: Microsoft Internet Explorer
=Free
=Included with MS-Windows
-Internet growth starts to accelerates exponentially
-And the browser wars commence…
