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TU/e MSc innovation management > 0EM190 - infonomics > Flashcards

0EM190 - infonomics Flashcards

1
Q

private value

A

value creation to private stakeholders (direct effects)

  • health
  • cheap travel/products
  • satisfaction/empowerment
  • wealth creation
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2
Q

Public value

A

Value capture based on fairness, equality & solidarity (indirect effects)

  • freedom of expression
  • transparency
  • equity
  • wealth creation
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3
Q

Monopolistic rents

A

Rents which are enjoyed by private companies based on exploiting the benefits of network effects & use of algorithms

(Economic rent is an amount of money earned that exceeds that which is economically or socially necessary)

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4
Q

draw the commons table & explain

(non-)rivalrous + (non-)excludable

A

zie schrift

  • private goods
  • club goods
  • public goods
  • common goods
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5
Q

what are consumer & producer surplus?

โ€“> draw it

A

๐œ๐จ๐ง๐ฌ๐ฎ๐ฆ๐ž๐ซ ๐ฌ๐ฎ๐ซ๐ฉ๐ฅ๐ฎ๐ฌ; difference between; price willing to make market price
๐ฉ๐ซ๐จ๐๐ฎ๐œ๐ž๐ซ ๐ฌ๐ฎ๐ซ๐ฉ๐ฅ๐ฎ๐ฌ; difference between; consumer WTP market price

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6
Q

network effects

A

the value & lock-in of a platform increase with the number of participants
๐ฌ๐š๐ฆ๐ž-๐ฌ๐ข๐๐ž ๐ง๐ž๐ญ๐ฐ๐จ๐ซ๐ค ๐ž๐Ÿ๐Ÿ๐ž๐œ๐ญ๐ฌ; more usersโ€“> more users
๐œ๐ซ๐จ๐ฌ๐ฌ-๐ฌ๐ข๐๐ž ๐ง๐ž๐ญ๐ฐ๐จ๐ซ๐ค ๐ž๐Ÿ๐Ÿ๐ž๐œ๐ญ๐ฌ; more usersโ€“> more sellers (& vice versa)

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7
Q

natural monopoly

A

happens when 1 firm is sufficient to cover the entire market (railways, water companies, digital platforms)

  • single firm minimizes production costs
  • LRAC decline for all outputs no matter market size (no diseconomies of scale)
  • societally beneficial if company works to marginal costs (perfect price discrimination)
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8
Q

name the 7 main points of the;

Digital Markets Act (DMA) โ€”>2023

A
  • ๐๐ž๐Ÿ๐ข๐ง๐ž๐ฌ ๐ ๐š๐ญ๐ž๐ค๐ž๐ž๐ฉ๐ž๐ซ๐ฌ ๐ฎ๐ฌ๐ข๐ง๐  ๐ช๐ฎ๐š๐ง๐ญ๐ข๐ญ๐š๐ญ๐ข๐ฏ๐ž ๐ฆ๐ž๐ญ๐ซ๐ข๐œ๐ฌ (not waterproof) & ๐ฉ๐จ๐ฌ๐ž๐ฌ ๐ซ๐ฎ๐ฅ๐ž๐ฌ;
  • ๐๐จ ๐œ๐จ๐ฆ๐›๐ข๐ง๐ข๐ง๐  ๐ฉ๐ž๐ซ๐ฌ๐จ๐ง๐š๐ฅ ๐๐š๐ญ๐š ๐œ๐จ๐ฅ๐ฅ๐ž๐œ๐ญ๐ž๐ ๐Ÿ๐ซ๐จ๐ฆ ๐ญ๐ฐ๐จ ๐๐ข๐Ÿ๐Ÿ๐ž๐ซ๐ž๐ง๐ญ ๐ฌ๐ž๐ซ๐ฏ๐ข๐œ๐ž๐ฌ ๐›๐ž๐ฅ๐จ๐ง๐ ๐ข๐ง๐  ๐ญ๐จ ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐ฌ๐š๐ฆ๐ž ๐œ๐จ๐ฆ๐ฉ๐š๐ง๐ฒ (facebook using whatsapp data)
  • ๐ฉ๐ซ๐จ๐ญ๐ž๐œ๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง ๐จ๐Ÿ ๐ฉ๐ฅ๐š๐ญ๐Ÿ๐จ๐ซ๐ฆ๐ฌโ€™ ๐›๐ฎ๐ฌ๐ข๐ง๐ž๐ฌ๐ฌ ๐ฎ๐ฌ๐ž๐ซ๐ฌ (e.g. apple 30%, forced best deals)
  • ๐ง๐จ ๐ฌ๐ž๐ฅ๐Ÿ-๐ฉ๐ซ๐ž๐Ÿ๐ž๐ซ๐ž๐ง๐œ๐ข๐ง๐  ๐ฆ๐ž๐ญ๐ก๐จ๐๐ฌ (amazon direct buy & google shopping)
  • ๐ง๐จ ๐Ÿ๐จ๐ซ๐œ๐ž๐ ๐ฉ๐ซ๐ž-๐ข๐ง๐ฌ๐ญ๐š๐ฅ๐ฅ๐š๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง ๐จ๐Ÿ ๐ฌ๐จ๐ฆ๐ž ๐ฌ๐ž๐ซ๐ฏ๐ข๐œ๐ž๐ฌ (Google Android)
  • ๐ซ๐ž๐ ๐ฎ๐ฅ๐š๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง ๐ซ๐ž๐ฅ๐š๐ญ๐ž๐ ๐ญ๐จ ๐›๐ฎ๐ง๐๐ฅ๐ข๐ง๐  ๐ฉ๐ซ๐š๐œ๐ญ๐ข๐œ๐ž๐ฌ
  • ๐ฉ๐ซ๐จ๐ฏ๐ข๐ฌ๐ข๐จ๐ง๐ฌ ๐Ÿ๐จ๐ซ ๐ž๐ง๐ฌ๐ฎ๐ซ๐ข๐ง๐  ๐ข๐ง๐ญ๐ž๐ซ๐จ๐ฉ๐ž๐ซ๐š๐›๐ข๐ฅ๐ข๐ญ๐ฒ & ๐๐š๐ญ๐š ๐ฉ๐จ๐ซ๐ญ๐š๐›๐ข๐ฅ๐ข๐ญ๐ฒ ๐Ÿ๐จ๐ซ ๐›๐ฎ๐ฌ๐ข๐ง๐ž๐ฌ๐ฌ๐ž๐ฌ & ๐ฎ๐ฌ๐ž๐ซ๐ฌ

โ€“> fine is up to 10% of worldwide turnover,law only applicable to gatekeepers, 8 different sectors covered

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9
Q

name the 4 main points of the;

Digital Services Act (DSA)

A

for all companies, but the full scope of regulation only for VLOP (gatekeepers)

  • ๐ญ๐ซ๐š๐ง๐ฌ๐ฉ๐š๐ซ๐ž๐ง๐œ๐ฒ ๐ฆ๐ž๐š๐ฌ๐ฎ๐ซ๐ž๐ฌ for algorithm recommendations + ads shown
  • ๐ž๐Ÿ๐Ÿ๐ž๐œ๐ญ๐ข๐ฏ๐ž ๐ฎ๐ฌ๐ž๐ซ ๐ฌ๐š๐Ÿ๐ž๐ ๐ฎ๐š๐ซ๐๐ฌ right to challenge content moderation + complaint handling system + no manipulation of user behaviour
  • ๐ง๐จ๐ญ๐ข๐œ๐ž-๐š๐ง๐-๐ญ๐š๐ค๐ž๐๐จ๐ฐ๐ง ๐ฆ๐ž๐š๐ฌ๐ฎ๐ซ๐ž๐ฌ; to combat illegal stuff
  • ๐จ๐›๐ฅ๐ข๐ ๐š๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง๐ฌ ๐Ÿ๐จ๐ซ ๐จ๐ง๐ฅ๐ข๐ง๐ž ๐ฆ๐š๐ซ๐ค๐ž๐ญ๐ฉ๐ฅ๐š๐œ๐ž๐ฌ; to allow traceability of business users
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10
Q

Artificial Intelligence Act (2024)

A

it defines 4 levels of AI risks, applicable to all but the military industry;

  • ๐๐ซ๐จ๐ก๐ข๐›๐ข๐ญ๐ž๐ (social scoring)
  • ๐๐ž๐ซ๐ฆ๐ข๐ญ๐ญ๐ž๐, ๐›๐ฎ๐ญ ๐€๐ˆ ๐ซ๐ž๐ช๐ฎ๐ข๐ซ๐ž๐ฆ๐ž๐ง๐ญ๐ฌ & ๐ฎ๐ฉ-๐Ÿ๐ซ๐จ๐ง๐ญ ๐œ๐จ๐ง๐Ÿ๐จ๐ซ๐ฆ๐ข๐ญ๐ฒ ๐š๐ฌ๐ฌ๐ž๐ฌ๐ฌ๐ฆ๐ž๐ง๐ญ (recruitment, medical services)
  • ๐๐ž๐ซ๐ฆ๐ข๐ญ๐ญ๐ž๐, ๐›๐ฎ๐ญ ๐ญ๐ซ๐š๐ง๐ฌ๐ฉ๐š๐ซ๐ž๐ง๐œ๐ฒ ๐จ๐›๐ฅ๐ข๐ ๐š๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง๐ฌ (impersonation bots)
  • ๐๐ž๐ซ๐ฆ๐ข๐ญ๐ญ๐ž๐ (without restrictions; no risks)
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11
Q

name the 4 main points of

General) Data Protection Regulation (GDPR

A
  • cookies require explicit opt-in (get around GDPR)
  • personal data breaches should be addressed appropriately & quickly (get organized!)
  • companies should only collect data they need & remove data they do not need for longer than they need
  • people can request to see or move all their data or have it (re)moved

machine data is exempt from GDPR, 4% fine

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12
Q

name the 3 main points of the;

Open) Data Act (2022

A
  • ๐ซ๐ข๐ ๐ก๐ญ ๐ญ๐จ ๐ฌ๐ก๐š๐ซ๐ž ๐๐š๐ญ๐š ๐ฐ๐ข๐ญ๐ก ๐ญ๐ก๐ข๐ซ๐ ๐ฉ๐š๐ซ๐ญ๐ข๐ž๐ฌ ๐ญ๐ก๐š๐ญ ๐š๐ซ๐ž ๐ง๐จ๐ญ ๐ ๐š๐ญ๐ž๐ค๐ž๐ž๐ฉ๐ž๐ซ๐ฌ
  • ๐ฆ๐š๐ค๐ž๐ฌ ๐๐š๐ญ๐š ๐š๐ฏ๐š๐ข๐ฅ๐š๐›๐ฅ๐ž ๐ญ๐จ ๐ฉ๐ฎ๐›๐ฅ๐ข๐œ ๐ฌ๐ž๐œ๐ญ๐จ๐ซ ๐›๐จ๐๐ข๐ž๐ฌ (emergency or public interest)
  • ๐ž๐ง๐š๐›๐ฅ๐ž๐ฌ ๐๐š๐ญ๐š ๐ซ๐ž๐ช๐ฎ๐ž๐ฌ๐ญ๐ฌ ๐Ÿ๐ซ๐จ๐ฆ ๐ฉ๐ฎ๐›๐ฅ๐ข๐œ ๐ฌ๐ž๐œ๐ญ๐จ๐ซ ๐›๐จ๐๐ข๐ž๐ฌ (15 days)
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13
Q

name the 3 main points of the;

Data Governance Act (2020)

A

-for entities generating industrial data;

  • defines conditions for re-using public sector data & sharing of (non-)personal data
  • public sector bodies can charge fees for re-use
  • data-altruism; personal data can be processed if used for larger interests (science, public services โ€“>open data act)
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14
Q

What are the 6 major legislative frameworks in the course?

A
  • Digital Markets Act (DMA)
  • Digital Services Act (DSA)
  • Artificial Intelligence Act
  • (General) Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)
  • (Open) Data Act
  • Data Governance Act
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15
Q

Datafication

A

Ability of digital platform to formalize aspects of the world into a data format that have never been quantified before

(key to capture niche market needs/long tail)

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16
Q

what is the difference between general & narrow AI?

A

๐†๐ž๐ง๐ž๐ซ๐š๐ฅ; fundamental research aimed at creating machines with cognitive abilities (general algorithms)
๐๐š๐ซ๐ซ๐จ๐ฐ; specific applications of AI & specific applications

17
Q

2-sided platform

A

bring together 2 distinct groups
more participants in one sided is better for the other side

multisided platforms add auxiliary services

18
Q

what is ๐๐ข๐Ÿ๐Ÿ๐ž๐ซ๐ž๐ง๐ญ๐ข๐š๐ฅ ๐ฉ๐ซ๐ข๐œ๐ข๐ง๐  & which 3 degrees exist

A

๐๐ข๐Ÿ๐Ÿ๐ž๐ซ๐ž๐ง๐ญ๐ข๐š๐ฅ ๐ฉ๐ซ๐ข๐œ๐ข๐ง๐ ; the same good has a different price for different customers (amazing with monopoly)

๐Ÿ๐ข๐ซ๐ฌ๐ญ ๐๐ž๐ ๐ซ๐ž๐ž ๐๐ƒ; firm has complete info about all individual user preferences โ€“> personalized pricing
๐ฌ๐ž๐œ๐จ๐ง๐ ๐๐ž๐ ๐ซ๐ž๐ž ๐๐ƒ; firm has some info โ€“> menu pricing (bundling!)
๐ญ๐ก๐ข๐ซ๐ ๐๐ž๐ ๐ซ๐ž๐ž ๐๐ƒ; managers do not know WTPโ€“>group pricing

19
Q

surge pricing

A

a form of differential pricing whereby real-time demand is addressed

20
Q

which 4 forms exist of ๐ณ๐ž๐ซ๐จ-๐ฉ๐ซ๐ข๐œ๐ข๐ง๐ ?

A
  • ๐Ÿ๐ซ๐ž๐ž๐ฆ๐ข๐ฎ๐ฆ; free version with paid premium version
  • ๐ฅ๐ž๐ฏ๐ž๐ซ๐š๐ ๐ž ๐œ๐ฎ๐ฌ๐ญ๐จ๐ฆ๐ž๐ซ ๐๐š๐ญ๐š; sell customer data
  • ๐ก๐ข๐๐๐ž๐ง ๐ซ๐ž๐ฏ๐ž๐ง๐ฎ๐ž; sell ads
  • ๐ซ๐š๐ณ๐จ๐ซ & ๐›๐ฅ๐š๐๐ž๐ฌ; basic product for free/cheap & consumable needed to operate with high price (a.k.a tying)
21
Q

what 3 legislative instruments exist?

A

๐ƒ๐ข๐ซ๐ž๐œ๐ญ๐ข๐ฏ๐ž (goal set by EU, executed by national regulatory agency)
๐‘๐ž๐ ๐ฎ๐ฅ๐š๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง (Binding)
๐‘๐ž๐œ๐จ๐ฆ๐ž๐ง๐๐š๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง (not-binding)

22
Q

what is โ€˜bundlingโ€™ & which 2 forms of bundling exist?

A

selling different products in a single package, increasing switching costs

๐๐ฎ๐ซ๐ž ๐›๐ฎ๐ง๐๐ฅ๐ข๐ง๐ ; only the package is available
๐Œ๐ข๐ฑ๐ž๐ ๐›๐ฎ๐ง๐๐ฅ๐ข๐ง๐ ; combined products are also sold seperately

23
Q

economies of scope & scale

A

๐„๐จ ๐ฌ๐œ๐จ๐ฉ๐ž; producing multiple types of products

๐„๐จ ๐ฌ๐œ๐š๐ฅ๐ž; producing multiple units of the same product

24
Q

market foreclosure

A

The exclusion results when a downstream buyer is denied access to an upstream supplier or when an upstream supplier is denied access to a downstream buyer.

combined with bundling you can get exclusive relationships with dealers (move into a market & close if of for others)

25
Q

kronos effect

A

efforts by the dominant company to consume innovative competitors in their infancy โ€“> monopolies suppress innovation

itโ€™s one of the very reasons monopolies harm innovation

26
Q

what are 2 ways to open up monopolistic markets?

A
  • (๐ฆ๐š๐ง๐๐š๐ญ๐จ๐ซ๐ฒ) ๐ฎ๐ง๐›๐ฎ๐ง๐๐ฅ๐ข๐ง๐ ; (multi-business) company retains core businesses and sells of assets, production lines or subsidiaries (based on essential facilities!)
  • ๐ƒ๐ข๐ฏ๐ž๐ฌ๐ญ๐ข๐ญ๐ฎ๐ซ๐ž; breaking up of a company according to different stages in the value chain
27
Q

what are the 5 Vโ€™s in big data?

A
  • ๐•๐จ๐ฅ๐ฎ๐ฆ๐ž; lots of data
  • ๐•๐ž๐ซ๐š๐œ๐ข๐ญ๐ฒ; quality
  • ๐•๐ž๐ฅ๐จ๐œ๐ข๐ญ๐ฒ; real-time
  • ๐ฏ๐š๐ฅ๐ฎ๐ž; ability to transform data into value
  • ๐•๐š๐ซ๐ข๐ž๐ญ๐ฒ; many sources
28
Q

what are the 3 types of big data?

A

-๐๐ฎ๐›๐ฅ๐ข๐œ ๐๐š๐ญ๐š (created, utilized & re-combined by public institutions)
-๐ฉ๐ž๐ซ๐ฌ๐จ๐ง๐š๐ฅ ๐๐š๐ญ๐š (any info relating to an identifiable person)
๐Œ๐š๐œ๐ก๐ข๐ง๐ž ๐๐š๐ญ๐š (created, utilized & re-combined by machines)

29
Q

digital commons (& 4 main points)

A

โ€œa data asset that is developed and managed by a communityโ€

  • common pooling of resources
  • provides the basis for joint usage by market & non-market parties
  • can be depleted if data are not updated/just used once
  • are not a public good (gatekeepers canโ€™t access it according to the open data act)

2 applications of this are; cooperative forms & data trusts (fractional ownership)

30
Q

anticommons

A

failure to close the data gap between tech giants & current challengers; data not used efficiently

31
Q

5 types of algoritmic bias

A
  • ๐ก๐ข๐ฌ๐ญ๐จ๐ซ๐ข๐œ๐š๐ฅ ๐›๐ข๐š๐ฌ; using historically biased data to train a model (e.g. racial profiling)
  • ๐ซ๐ž๐ฉ๐ซ๐ž๐ฌ๐ž๐ง๐ญ๐š๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง ๐›๐ข๐š๐ฌ; sample distribution that is trained on does not match the actual population
  • ๐ฆ๐ž๐š๐ฌ๐ฎ๐ซ๐ž๐ฆ๐ž๐ง๐ญ ๐›๐ข๐š๐ฌ; features & labels used in the model are proxies of actual features and labels
  • ๐š๐ ๐ ๐ซ๐ž๐ ๐š๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง ๐›๐ข๐š๐ฌ; if a single model is used for multiple very different groups
  • ๐ž๐ฏ๐š๐ฅ๐ฎ๐š๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง ๐›๐ข๐š๐ฌ; need to objectively compare different models to each other
32
Q

what is โ€˜๐ฌ๐ญ๐ซ๐š๐ญ๐ž๐ ๐ข๐œ ๐›๐ž๐ก๐š๐ฏ๐ข๐จ๐ฎ๐ซโ€™ by data monopolies and name 3 ways

A

๐ฌ๐ญ๐ซ๐š๐ญ๐ž๐ ๐ข๐œ ๐›๐ž๐ก๐š๐ฏ๐ข๐จ๐ฎ๐ซ; behaviours that sustain the monopoly position and suppress competitors

  • eliminate competitors (Chronos effect)
  • vertical integration
  • bundling
33
Q

draw the ๐ก๐ฒ๐ฉ๐ž ๐œ๐ฒ๐œ๐ฅ๐ž & name the 5 stages

A 
innovation trigger
peak of inflated expectations
trough of disillusionment
slope of enlightenment
plateau of productivity

โ€“> zie schrift

34
Q

4 ways in which big data can be used to create innovations

A
  • ๐œ๐จ๐ฆ๐›๐ข๐ง๐ข๐ง๐  ๐ˆ๐จ๐“ ๐ฐ๐ข๐ญ๐ก ๐ญ๐ซ๐š๐๐ข๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง๐š๐ฅ ๐ฉ๐ซ๐จ๐๐ฎ๐œ๐ญ๐ฌ (maintenance)
  • ๐๐ข๐ ๐ข๐ญ๐ข๐ณ๐ข๐ง๐  ๐š๐ฌ๐ฌ๐ž๐ญ๐ฌ (google maps)
  • ๐œ๐จ๐ฆ๐›๐ข๐ง๐ข๐ง๐  ๐๐š๐ญ๐š ๐ฐ๐ข๐ญ๐ก๐ข๐ง ๐š๐ง๐ ๐š๐œ๐ซ๐จ๐ฌ๐ฌ ๐ข๐ง๐๐ฎ๐ฌ๐ญ๐ซ๐ข๐ž๐ฌ (electric cars)
  • ๐ญ๐ซ๐š๐๐ข๐ง๐  ๐๐š๐ญ๐š (banking data)

TU/e MSc innovation management (9 decks)

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