09 Fluids & Electrolytes {Pathophysiology}

Question 0

Each compartment in the body has a particular composition of electrolytes, which differs from that of their compartments. To function normally, ______ _______ must have fluids and electrolytes in the right compartments and in the _____ ______.

Answer 0

body cells

right amounts

Question 1

Whenever an electrolyte moves out of a cell ___________.

Answer 1

another electrolyte moves in to takes its place.

Question 2

The number of cations and _______ must be ______ to have _______.

Answer 2

The number of cations and anions must be the same to have homeostasis to exist.

Question 3

Intravascular compartment

Answer 3

fluid inside a blood vessel

Question 4

Intracellular compartment

Answer 4

all fluid inside the cell

Question 5

Most body fluids are

Answer 5

inside the cells

Question 6

Extracellular compartments are

Answer 6

the interstitial fluid (fluid BETWEEN cells) often called third space, blood, lymph, bone, connective tissue, water and transcellular fluid

Question 7

Third spacing

Answer 7

the accumulation and sequestration of trapped extracellular fluid in an actual or potential body space as a result of disease or injury; considered a volume loss and is unavailable for normal physiological processes

Question 8

Edema

Answer 8

an excessive accumulation of fluid in the interstitial space; occurs as a result of alterations in oncotic pressure, hydrostatic pressure, capillary permeability and lymphatic obstruction

Question 9

localized edema

Answer 9

occurs as result of traumatic injury for accidents or surgery, local inflammatory processes or burns

Question 10

generalized edema (also called anasarca)

Answer 10

is the result of extra fluid throughout the body and is a result of conditions such as cardiac, renal, or liver failure

Question 11

Total body fluid (intracellular and extracellular)

Answer 11

60% of weight in adult
55% in older adults
80% in infants

Question 12

Who is at higher risk for fluid related problems?

Answer 12

infants and older adults due to their higher and lower percentages of body fluids

Question 13

Osmotic pressure

Answer 13

a pull that draws water through a membrane to a more concentrated side, or side with more solute; it is caused by this imbalance in solutes

Question 14

filtration

Answer 14

the movement of solutes and solvent by hydrostatic pressure

Question 15

hydrostatic pressure

Answer 15

the force exerted by the weight of a solution

Question 16

At the ______ ______ of the capillary, the hydrostatic pressure is _______ than the osmotic pressure; therefore fluids and diffusible solute move _____ of the capillary.

Answer 16

arterial end
higher
out

Question 17

At the _______ ______, the osmotic pressure or _____, is higher than the hydrostatic pressure and fluids and some solutes move _______ the capillary.

Answer 17

venous end
pull
out

Question 18

What happens to the excess fluid and solutes taht remain in teh interstitial space?

Answer 18

They are returned to the interstitial space by the lymph channels.

Question 19

Osmolality

Answer 19

the number of osmotically active particles per kilogram of water; also known as the concentration of a solution

Question 20

What is the normal osmolality of plasma?

Answer 20

270-300 milliosmoles/kg (mOsm/kg)

Question 21

What happens with an individual has diarrhea?

Answer 21

the body loses more electrolytes that it does fluids and it creates an environment where the extracellular fluid contain fewer electrolytes or less solutes than he intracellular fluid

Question 22

The thing to remember about electrolyte/solute equilibrium

Answer 22

fluids and electrolytes must be kept in balance for health; when they remaine out of balance, death can occur

Question 23

isotonic solutions

Answer 23

the solution on both side of a selectively permeable membrane have established equilibrium or have an equal concentration; very little osmosis will occur

Question 24

hypotonic solutions

Answer 24

when a solution contains a lower concentration of salt or solution than another solution hypotonic solutions have fewer solutes than the cell so osmosis or the pulling in of the solution into the cell would occur

Question 25

hypertonic solutions

Answer 25

a solution that has a higher concentration of solutes than another, less concentrated solution; have a higher osmolality than body fluids a hypertonic solution would draw fluid out of the cells and into the interstitial or vascular space

Question 26

osmotic pressure

Answer 26

the amount of osmotic pressure is determined by the concentration of solutes in solution

Question 27

A ________ solution has less solutes than the cells A ________ solution has more solutes than the cells A ________ solution has the same amount of solutes as the cells

Answer 27

hypotonic hypertonic isonoinc

Question 28

Substance that are moved through active transport

Answer 28

sodium potassium calcium

Question 29

the amount of water released by metabolism of each 100 calories of fat, carbohydrates, or protein

Answer 29

10 mL of water

Question 30

insensible water loss

Answer 30

loss through skin (about 100 mL per day) | loss from the lungs (varies)

Question 31

water balance related to the gastrointestinal tract

Answer 31

large quantities of electrolyte-containing liquids are secreted into the GI tract but almost all of this fluid is reabsorbed unless there is severe diarrhea; in this case large quantities of fluid and electrolytes are lost

Question 32

kidneys

Answer 32

play a major role in regulation of fluids and electrolytes and excrete the largest amount of fluids; normal kidneys can adjust the amounts of water and electrolytes leaving the body

Question 33

adrenal glands in fluid volume homeostatis

Answer 33

the adrenal glands (that sit atop the kidneys) secrete aldosterone which aids in the control of extracellular fluid volume by regulating the amount of sodium that is reabsorbed by the kindneys (look up more info on this!!)

Question 34

the effect of the pituitary gland (located in the brain) on fluid homeostasis

Answer 34

the pituitary gland regulates the osmotic pressure of extracellular fluid through the release of antidiuretic hormone that helps in the regulation of the amount of water that is reabsorbed by the kindneys`

Question 35

What is the GOAL of TX in fluid volume deficient?

Answer 35

to restore fluid volume, replace electrolytes as needed and eliminate the cause of the fluid volume deficit

Question 36

Three types of fluid volume deficit

Answer 36

isotonic dehydration hypertonic dehydration hypotonic dehydration

Question 37

isotonic dehydration

Answer 37

water and electrolytes are lost in equal proportions it is known as hypovolemia and is the most common type of dehydration results in decreased circulating blood volume and inadequate tissue perfusion

Question 38

hypertonic dehydration

Answer 38

water loss exceed electrolyte loss (the serum osmolality is too high) problems occur from alteration in concentration of specific electrolytes moves from the intracellular compartments into the plasma and interstitial fluid spaces causing the cells they be dehydrated and shrink

Question 39

hypotonic fluid volume deficits

Answer 39

electrolytes exceed water losses (to few electrolytes) clinical problem occur as a result from fluid shifts between compartments, causing a decrease in plasma volume fluid moves from the plasma and interstitial space into the cells, causing a plasma volume deficit causing cells to swell

Question 40

causes of isotonic dehydration

Answer 40

inadequate intake of fluids and solutes fluid shifts between compartments excessive losses of isotonic body fluids

Question 41

causes of hypertonic dehydration

Answer 41

conditions that increase fluid loss; excessive perspiration, hyperventilation, ketoacidosis, prolonged fevers, diarrhea, early-stage kidney disease and diabetes insipidus

Question 42

causes of hypotonic dehydration

Answer 42

chronic illness excessive flid replacement (hypotonic) kidney disease chronic malnutrition

Question 43

In general isotonic dehydration is treated with _________ fluid solutions, hypertonic dehydration is treated with _______ fluid solutions and hypotonic dehydration is treated with _______ fluid solutions.

Answer 43

isotonic hypotonic hypertonic

Question 44

Fluid volume excess is also called

Answer 44

overhydration or fluid overload

Question 45

Types of fluid volume excess

Answer 45

isotonic overhydration (known as hypervolemia) hypertonic overhydration hypotonic overhydration

Question 46

isotonic overhydration

Answer 46

known as hypervolemia is excessive fluid in the extracellular fluid compartment; shifting does not occur and it causes circulatory overload and interstitial edema; pulmonary edema may occur

Question 47

hypertonic overhydration

Answer 47

is rare and is caused by excessive sodium intake; fluid is drawn from the the intracellular fluid compartment; the extracellular fluid volume expands and the intracellular fluid volume contracts

Question 48

hypotonic overhydration

Answer 48

also known as water intoxication; excessive fluid moves into the intracellular space, and all body fluid compartments expand; electrolyte imbalances happens as a result of dilution

Question 49

causes of isotonic overhydration

Answer 49

inadequately controlled IV therapy kidney disease long-term corticosteroid therapy

Question 50

causes of hypertonic overhydration

Answer 50

excessive sodium ingestion rapid infusion of hypertonic saline excessive sodium bicarbonate therapy

Question 51

causes of hypotonic overhydration

Answer 51

early kidney disease heart failure syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion inadequately controlled IV therapy replacement of isotonic fluid loss wit hypotonic fluid loss irrigation of wound and body cavities with hypotonic fluids