082914 hemodynamic disorders Flashcards
anasarca
very severe generalized edema
what factors affect fluid balance in the body?
vascular hydrostatic pressure
plasma colloid osmotic pressure (due to plasma proteins like albumin, globulin)
normally balanced so no net loss or gain of fluid (a little bit of fluid moves out of capillary, but this is picked up by lymphatics)
increased capillary hydrostatic pressure can occur due to?
venous obstruction or impaired venous return
arteriolar dilation due to heat or neurohumoral dysfxn
what happens with congestive heart failure in terms of fluid balance?
increased hydrostatic pressure in alveolar capillaries results due to left ventricular failure, get pulmonary edema
hypoperfusion of kidneys causes then secondary hyperaldoesteronism
what does excessive loss of albumin cause in the blood?
decreased intravascular volume (edema) and secondary hyperaldosternoism
what can cause albumin loss?
nephrotic syndrome
protien losing enteropathy (IBD, GI infec, sprue)
malnutrition
liver disease (reduced synthesis)
what can cause lymphatic obstruction leading to edema
inflammtion
neoplastic
post-surgical/post radiation (like after mastectomy with lymph node dissec)
what causes sodium and water retention?
excessive salt intake with renal insufficiency
acute reduction of renal fxn (glomerulonephritis)
how can edema of the brain occur?
focally (tumors)
diffusely (viral infections)
hyperemia
increase in blood volume within a tissue due to increased blood flow and arteriolar dilation
congestion
increase in blood volume within a tissue due to decreased/impaired outflow of venous blood (a passive process, as opposed to hyperemia, which is active)
may occur systemically (liver and lung congestion due to heart failure) or locally (obstruction of superior sagital sinus of dura
