082514 neoplasia

Question 1

neoplasia

Answer 1

new growth–abnormal mass of tissue with growth that exceeds normal tissue and that is uncoordinated with normal tissues, and which persists in the same way after removal of the stimuli which caused the initial change

Question 2

tumor

Answer 2

swelling (often interchangeably used with neoplasia)

Question 3

3 ways in which tumors are classified

Answer 3

based on:
behavior-benign or malignant

cell of origin-epithelial or mesenchymal or hematolymphoid or melanocytic or mixed

differentiation-well or moderately or poorly

Question 4

“-oma” means

Answer 4

benign tumor

Question 5

define benign tumor

Answer 5

on histology resembles normal tissue
slow growth rate
NON-invasive, ENCAPSULATED (fibrous capsule)
don’t metastasize

Question 6

define malignant tumor

Answer 6

carcinomas or sarcomas

vary from resembling normal tissue to being extremely different in histology

variable growth rate

usually invasive (doesn’t respect a capsule)

capable of metastasizing

Question 7

tumors of epithelial origin arise from?

Answer 7

ecto or endoderm

Question 8

tumors of mesenchymal origin arise from?

Answer 8

mesoderm

Question 9

tumors of melanocytic origin can be benign in the form of?

Answer 9

nevus

Question 10

adeno-

Answer 10

gland

Question 11

teratoma

Answer 11

predominantly benign tumors

tissue derived from multiple germ layers (derived from totipotent cells)

Question 12

carcinoma vs sarcoma

Answer 12

carcinoma is of epithelial origin

sarcoma is mesenchymal origin

Question 13

hamartoma

Answer 13

tumor-like condition, but no neoplasia-it’s just disorganized

mass of disorganized, mature tissue specific to site of development (anomalous development)

Question 14

choriostoma

Answer 14

not neoplastic condition
tumor-like condition

ectopic tissue in a foreign location, happened during development

Question 15

differentiation/grade definition for tumor

Answer 15

extent to which tumor cells resemble normal tissue in morphology and function (what does the histology look like?)

Question 16

poorly differentiated tumor

Answer 16

vague resemblance to normal tissue

Question 17

anaplastic tumor

Answer 17

complete lack of differentiation-cannot tell where the tissue came from b/c it looks completely different

Question 18

anaplasia features

Answer 18

UGLY

pleomorphism (variety in morphology-cellular and nuclear)

hyperchromatic nuclei

high nuclear to cell ratio

coarsely clumped chromatin

large nucloeli

atypical mitoses

loss of polarity (apical/basal)

tumor giant cells

Question 19

in terms of spread? what types of tumor are malignant?

Answer 19

locally invasive and metastatic

Question 20

carcinoma in situ

Answer 20

malignant cells that do not penetrate byond basement membrane

full thickness dysplasia

Question 21

dysplasia

Answer 21

disordered growth of epithelium

a histologic diagnosis

loss of polarity, loss of maturation, loss of architecture, abnormally located mitoses

varies from mild to severe ( mild to moderate may resolve). mild is bottom 1/3 affected, etc.

Question 22

severe dysplasia is synonymous with

Answer 22

carcinoma in situ

Question 23

3 ways for metatstatic spread of tumors

Answer 23

hematogenous (most common path for sarcoma)
lymphatics (most common for carcinoma)
seeding of body cavities and surfacse (peritoneal is most common)

Question 24

sentinel nodes

Answer 24

first lymph node to drain tumor

Question 25

clinical stages for spread of tumors

Answer 25

uses TNM system (puts together entire picture for patient)–T for tumor size, N for nodal involvement, M for metastasis

Question 26

host rxn to cancer

Answer 26

local effects
cachexia
hematology abnormalities-anemia, hypercoagulability
paraneoplastic syndromes

Question 27

paraneoplastic syndromes

Answer 27

10% of cancer pts

non-hormonal or hormonal effects of a tumor that are unrelated to the local spread or metastasis