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Microbiology: lecture > 07: Microbial Nutrition, Ecology and Growth > Flashcards

07: Microbial Nutrition, Ecology and Growth Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Bioelements

A

basic requirements for life

  • carbon
  • hydrogen
  • oxygen
  • phosphorus
  • potassium
  • nitrogen
  • sulfur
  • calcium
  • iron
  • sodium
  • chlorine
  • magnesium
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2
Q

Essential Nutrients

A

substance an organism must get from a source outside its cells

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3
Q

Macronutrients

A
  • required in large quantities
  • play principal roles in cell structure and metabolism
    • proteins
    • carbohydrates
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4
Q

Micronutrients

A
  • required in small amounts
  • involved in enzyme function
  • maintenance of protein structure
    • manganese
    • zinc
    • nickel
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5
Q

Organic Nutrients

A
  • contain carbon and hydrogen atoms
  • usually the products of living things
    • Methane (CH4)
    • carbohydrates
    • lipids
    • proteins
    • nucleic acids
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6
Q

Inorganic Nutrients

A
  • atom or molecule that contains a combination of atoms other than carbon and hydrogen
    • Metals and their salts
      • magnesium sulfate
      • ferric nitrate
      • sodium phosphate
    • gases
      • oxygen
      • carbon dioxide
    • water
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7
Q

Micronutrient Examples

A
  • Elements/Nutrients Forms Found in Nature
    • copper
    • cobalt
    • nickel
    • molybdenum
    • manganese
    • iodine
  • Sources/Reservoirs of Compounds:
    • Geologic sediments
    • soil
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8
Q

Heterotroph

A
  • must obtain carbon in an organic form
    • proteins
    • carbohydrates
    • lipids
    • nucleic acids made by other living organisms
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9
Q

Autotroph

A
  • an organism that uses CO2, an inorganic gas, as its carbon source
  • Not nutritionally dependent on other living things
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10
Q

Essential Organic Nutrients

A
  • Organic compounds that cannot be synthesized by an organism
    • lack the genetic and metabolic mechanisms to synthesize them
  • Growth factors must be provided as a nutrient for survival
    • Essential amino acids
    • vitamins
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11
Q

Classification of Nutritional Source

A
  • Carbon source
    • Heterotroph
      • from other organisms
    • Autotroph
      • uses CO2
  • Energy source
    • Chemotroph
      • gain energy from chemical compounds
    • Phototrophs
      • gain energy through photosynthesis
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12
Q

Nutritional Categories

A
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13
Q

Photoautotrophs:

Oxygenic Photosynthesis

A
  • Produce oxygen
  • use chlorophyll as the primary pigment
    • plants
    • algae
    • cyanobacteria
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14
Q

Photoautotrophs:

Anoxygenic Photosynthesis

A
  • no oxygen
  • sulfur production
  • use bacteriochlorophyll as pigment
    • purple and green sulfur bacteria
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15
Q

Chemoautotrophs

A
  • lithoautotrophs
  • survive totally on inorganic substances
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16
Q

Methanogens

A
  • chemoautotroph
  • produce methane gas under anaerobic conditions
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17
Q

Chemoorganotrophs

A
  • Derive carbon and energy from organic compounds
    • aerobic respiration
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18
Q

Saprobes

A
  • Category of Chemoorganotrophs
  • free-living microorganisms that feed on organic detritus from dead organisms
    • Opportunistic pathogen
    • Facultative parasite
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19
Q

Parasites

A
  • Category of Chemoorganotrophs
  • derive nutrients from host
    • Pathogens
    • obligate parasites
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20
Q

Q: If an organism is degrading large organic molecules to get both carbon and energy, it would be best described as a:

A

Chemoorganotroph

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21
Q

Passive Transport

A
  • does not require energy
  • substances exist in a gradient and move from areas of higher concentration toward areas of lower concentration
    • Diffusion
    • Osmosis
      • diffusion of water
    • Facilitated diffusion
      • solutes that require a carrier
22
Q

Active Transport

A
  • requires energy
  • carrier proteins
  • gradient independent
    • Carrier-mediated active transport
    • Group translocation
      • transported molecule chemically altered
    • Bulk transport
      • endocytosis
      • exocytosis
      • pinocytosis
23
Q

Isotonic Solution

A
  • Water concentration is equal inside and outside the cell
    • thus rates of diffusion are equal in both directions.
24
Q

Hypotonic Solution

A
  • Net diffusion of water is into the cell
    • swells the protoplast
      • pushes it tightly against the wall
    • Wall usually prevents cell from bursting
25
Q

Hypertonic Solution

A
  • Water diffuses out of the cell
    • shrinks the cell membrane away from the cell wall
      • process called plasmolysis.
26
Q

Endocytosis

A
  • bringing substances into the cell through a vesicle or phagosome
27
Q

Phagocytosis

A
  • ingests substances or cells (pseudopods)
28
Q

Pinocytosis

A
  • ingests fluids and/or dissolved substances (microvilli)
29
Q

Q: If a cell is in a concentrated glucose solution and the glucose is moving into the cell through a carrier protein, this would be an example of

A

Facilitated Diffusion

30
Q

Niche

A
  • totality of adaptations organisms make to their habitat
  • Environmental factors affect the function of metabolic enzymes
    • Factors include:
      • Temperature
      • Oxygen requirements
      • pH
      • Osmotic pressure
      • Barometric pressure
31
Q

Adaptations to Temperatures

A
  • Minimum temperature
    • lowest temperature that permits a microbe’s growth and metabolism
  • Maximum temperature
    • highest temperature that permits a microbe’s growth and metabolism
  • Optimum temperature
    • promotes the fastest rate of growth and metabolism
32
Q

Temperature Adaptation Groups

A
  • Psychrophiles
    • optimum temperature below 15°C
    • capable of growth at 0°C
  • Mesophiles
    • optimum temperature 20°-40°C
    • most human pathogens
  • Thermophiles
    • optimum temperature greater than 45°C
33
Q

Aerobe

A
  • utilizes oxygen and can detoxify it
  • Obligate aerobe
    • cannot grow without oxygen
  • Facultative anaerobe
    • utilizes oxygen but can also grow in its absence
  • Microaerophile
    • requires only a small amount of oxygen
34
Q

Anaerobe

A
  • does not utilize oxygen
  • Obligate anaerobe
    • lacks the enzymes to detoxify oxygen
    • cannot survive in an oxygen environment
  • Aerotolerant anaerobes
    • does not utilize oxygen
    • can survive and grow in its presence
35
Q

Capnophile

A
  • grows best at higher CO2 tensions than normally present in the atmosphere
36
Q

Effects of pH

A
  • Neutrophiles
    • grow at a pH between 6 and 8
    • majority of organisms
  • Acidophiles
    • grow at extreme acid pH
  • Alkalinophiles
    • grow at extreme alkaline pH
37
Q

Osmophiles

A
  • require a high concentration of salt (halophile)
    • Obligate halophiles
      • grow optimally in solutions of 25% NaCl
      • require at least 9% NaCl
        • salt lakes
        • ponds
      • Halobacterium, Halococcus
38
Q

Osmotolerant

A
  • do not require high concentration of solute
    • Facultative halophiles
      • remarkably resistant to salt
      • Staphylococcus aureus
39
Q

Barophiles

A
  • can survive under extreme pressure
  • will rupture if exposed to normal atmospheric pressure
40
Q

Q: Chlamydomonas nivalis grows on Alaskan glaciers and its photosynthetic pigments give the snow a red crust. This organism would be best described as a

A

Physchrophile

41
Q

Symbiotic

A
  • Organisms live in close nutritional relationships
    • required by one or both members
      • Mutualism:
        • Obligatory, dependent
        • both members benefit
      • Commensalism:
        • commensal benefits
        • other member not harmed
      • Parasitism:
        • Parasite is dependent and benefits
        • host harmed
42
Q

Nonsymbiotic

A
  • Organisms are free-living
  • relationships not required for survival
    • Syntrophy:
      • Members cooperate and share nutrients
    • Amensalism:
      • Some members are inhibited or destroyed by others
43
Q

Mutualism:

(symbiotic)

A
  • both members benefit
    • Nonobligate Mutualism
      • can be separated and live apart
        • Ciliophoran Euplotes
        • unicellular green algae
    • Obligate Mutualism
      • require each other to survive
        • Casseopeia jellyfish
        • dinoflagellates
44
Q

Commensalism:

(symbiotic)

A
  • commensal benefits
  • other member neither harmed nor benefited
    • Haemophilus
    • Staphylococcus
45
Q

Parasitism:

(symbiotic)

A
  • parasite dependent and benefits;
  • host is harmed
    • Rickettsia
    • Chlamydia bacteria
46
Q

Syntrophy:

(nonsymbiotic)

A
  • Microbes sharing a habitat feed off substances released by other organism
    • Azotobacter
    • Cellulomonas
47
Q

Amensalism:

(nonsymbiotic)

A
  • One member of an association produces a substance that harms or kills another
    • antagonism, competition
      • Antibiosis
48
Q

Biofilms

A
  • result when organisms attach to a substrate by some form of extracellular matrix that binds them together in complex organized layers
    • Dominate the structure of most natural environments on earth
    • Communicate and cooperate in the formation and function of biofilms – quorum sensing
49
Q

Microbial Growth

A
  • Microbial growth occurs at two levels
    • growth at a cellular level with increase in size
    • increase in population
  • Division of bacterial cells occurs mainly through binary fission (transverse)
    • Parent cell enlarges
    • duplicates its chromosome
    • forms a central transverse septum
      • dividing the cell into two daughter cells
50
Q

Growth Curve

A
  1. Lag phase
    • “flat” period of adjustment, enlargement; little growth
  2. Exponential growth phase
    • period of maximum growth when cells have adequate nutrients and a favorable environment
  3. Stationary phase
    • rate of cell growth equals rate of cell death caused by depleted nutrients and O2, excretion of organic acids and pollutants
  4. Death phase
    • limiting factors intensify
    • cells die exponentially

Microbiology: lecture (8 decks)

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