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Microbiology: lecture > 05: A Survey of Eurkaryotic Cells and Microorganisms > Flashcards

05: A Survey of Eurkaryotic Cells and Microorganisms Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Eukaryotic Microbes

A
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2
Q

Eukaryotic Cell

A
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3
Q

Organization of Eukaryotic Cell

A
  • Eukaryotic cell
    • External structures
    • Boundary of cell
    • Organelles and other components within the cell membrane
  • External structures
    • Glycocaly
      • Capsules
      • Slimes
  • Boundary of cell
    • Cell wall
    • Cell/ cytoplasmic membrane
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4
Q

Flagella

A
  • Locomotor Appendages
  • Long, sheathed cylinder containing microtubules in a 9+2 arrangement
  • Covered by an extension of the cell membrane
  • 10× thicker than prokaryotic flagella
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5
Q

Cilia

A
  • Locomotor Appendages
  • Similar in overall structure to flagella, but shorter and more numerous
  • Found only on a single group of protozoa and certain animal cells
  • Function in motility, feeding, and filtering
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6
Q

Glycocalyx

A
  • An outermost boundary that comes into direct contact with environment
  • Usually composed of polysaccharides
  • Appears as a network of fibers, a slime layer or a capsule
  • Functions in adherence, protection, and signal reception
  • Beneath the glycocalyx
    • Fungi and most algae have a thick, rigid cell wall
    • Protozoa, a few algae, and all animal cells lack a cell wall and have only a membrane
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7
Q

Which part of the Eukaryotic cell is responsible for contacting the outside environment and signaling between cells?

A. Flagella

B. Cell Wall

C. Glycocalyx

D. Cell Membrane

A

C. Glycocalyx

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8
Q

Functions of Internal Structures within the Eukaryotic Cell

A
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9
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

A
  • originates from the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope
  • extends in a continuous network through cytoplasm
  • rough due to ribosomes
  • proteins synthesized and shunted into the ER for packaging and transport
  • first step in secretory pathway
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10
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

A
  • closed tubular network without ribosomes
  • functions in nutrient processing, synthesis, and storage of lipids
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11
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A
  • Modifies, stores and packages protiens
  • Consists of a stack of flattened sacs called cisternae
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12
Q

Lysosomes

A
  • Synthesis and transport machine
  • Vesicles containing enzymes that originate from Golgi apparatus
    • intercellular digestion of food particles
    • protection against invading microbes
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13
Q

Vacuoles

A
  • Synthesis and transport machine
  • Membrane bound sacs containing particles
    • digested
    • excreted
    • stored
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14
Q

Phagosomes

A
  • Synthesis and transport machine
  • Vacuoles merged with a lysosome
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15
Q

Mitochondria

A
  • Function in energy production and storage (ATP)
  • Cristae
    • Spherical organelle with an outer membrane and an inner membrane with folds
  • Cristae membranes
    • hold the enzymes and electron carriers of aerobic respiration
  • Divide independently of cell
  • Matrix
    • DNA and prokaryotic ribosomes are contained in the spaces around the cristae
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16
Q

Chloroplasts

A
  • Convert the energy of sunlight into chemical energy through photosynthesis
  • Found in algae and plant cells
  • Thylakoids
    • Outer membrane covers inner membrane folded into sacs stacked into grana.
    • Carry pigments (chlorophyll and others)
  • Primary producers of organic nutrients for other organisms
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17
Q

The Eukaryotic organelle that is responsible for transporting vesicles inside the cells is the

A. Golgi

B. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

C. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

D. Nucleus

A

A. Golgi

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18
Q

Kingdom Fungi

A
  • Majority are unicellular or colonial
  • few have cellular specialization
  • 100,000 species divided into 2 groups:
    • Macroscopic fungi (mushrooms, puffballs, gill fungi)
    • Microscopic fungi, with two morphologies
      • Hyphae – long filamentous fungi or molds
      • Yeast – round ovoid shape, asexual reproduction
19
Q

Hyphae

A
  • Long, threadlike cells that make up the bodies of filamentous fungi, or molds
  • Some present various textures of mycelia
  • Array of color differences macroscopically due to spores
20
Q

Yeasts

A
  • Cell distinguished by
    • round to oval shape
    • mode of asexual reproduction
  • Presents a cell wall
  • lacks locomotor organelles
  • It grows swellings on its surface called buds
    • which then become separate cells
21
Q

Yeasts

A
  • Some form a pseudohypha, a chain of yeasts formed when buds remain attached in a row
  • Because of its manner of formation, it is not a true hypha like that of molds
22
Q

Filamentous Fungi (molds)

A
  • cottony, hairy, or velvety texture
  • Woven intertwining mass of hyphae called mycelium;
  • may be divided by cross walls (septa)
    • Vegetative hyphae – digest and absorb nutrients
    • Reproductive hyphae – produce spores for reproduction
23
Q

Sporangiospores

A
  • Asexual Spore Formation
  • Sporangium
    • formed by successive cleavages within a saclike head
  • Spores initially enclosed but released when the sporangium ruptures.
24
Q

Conidiospores (conidia)

A
  • Asexual Spore Formation
  • Free spores not enclosed by a spore-bearing sac
25
Q

Sexual Spore Formation

A
  • Spores are formed following fusion of two different strains and formation of sexual structure
    • Zygospores
    • ascospores
    • basidiospores
  • Sexual spores and spore-forming structures are one basis for classification
26
Q

Fungal Classification

Kingdom Eumycote

A
  • subdivided into several phyla based upon the type of sexual reproduction:
    • Phylum Zygomycota
      • zygospores; mostly sporangiospores and some conidia
    • Phylum Ascomycota
      • ascospores; conidia
    • Phylum Basidiomycota
      • basidiospores; conidia
    • Phylum Chytridomycota
      • flagellated spores (Effects frogs)
    • Fungi that produce only Asexual Spores (Imperfect)
27
Q

Phylum I

Zygomycota

A
  • Sexual spores: zygospores
  • Asexual spores: mostly sporangiospores, some conidia
  • Hyphae are usually nonseptate. If septate, the septa are complete
  • Most species are free-living saprobes; some are animal parasites
  • Can be obnoxious contaminants in the laboratory, food spoilage agents, and destructive to crops
  • Examples of common molds:
    • Rhizopus, a black bread mold
    • Mucor
    • Absidia
    • Circinella
28
Q

Phylum II

Ascomycota

A
  • Sexual spores: most produce ascospores in asci
  • Asexual spores: many types of conidia, formed at the tips of conidiophores
  • Hyphae with porous septa
  • By far the largest phylum.
    • Macroscopic mushrooms to microscopic molds
    • yeasts
29
Q

Phylum II

Ascomycota Examples

A
  • Penicillium: one source of antibiotics
  • Aspergillus: common airborne mold that may be involved in respiratory infections and toxicity
  • Candida pseudohyphae: yeast used in making bread and beer
  • Pneumocystis (carinii) jiroveci: pathogen of AIDS patients
  • Histoplasma: cause of Ohio Valley fever
  • Trichophyton: cause of ringworm
  • Coccidioides immitis: cause of Valley fever;
  • Candida albicans: cause of various yeast infections
  • Stachybotrys: toxic mold
30
Q

Phylum III

Basidiomycota

A
  • Many members are familiar macroscopic forms
    • mushrooms and puffballs
  • number of microscopic plant pathogens
    • rusts and smuts
      • attack and destroy major crops
31
Q

Phylum IV

Chytridimycota

A
  • Members of this phylum are unusual, primitive fungi commonly called chytrids.
  • cellular morphology ranges
  • single cells to clusters and colonies
  • They generally do not form hyphae or yeast-type cells
  • presence of special flagellated spores
    • zoospores and gametes.
  • Most chytrids are saprobic and free-living in soil, water, and decaying matter.
  • Not known to cause human disease
  • Known to be serious frog pathogens
32
Q

Roles of Fungi

Adverse Impact

A
  • Mycoses
  • allergies
  • toxin production
  • Destruction of crops and food storages
33
Q

Roles of Fungi

Beneficial Impact

A
  • Sources of antibiotics
  • alcohol
  • organic acids
  • vitamins
  • Decomposers of dead plants and animals
  • Used in making foods
  • genetic studies
34
Q

Fungi are generally classified according to their

A. Type of sexual spore

B. Type of asexual spore

C. Type of hyphae

D. Type of habitat

A

C. Type of hyphae

35
Q

Algae

A
  • eukaryotic organisms
  • usually unicellular and colonial
  • photosynthesize with chlorophyll
36
Q

Protozoa

A
  • unicellular eukaryotes
  • lack tissues
  • share similarities
    • cell structure
    • nutrition
    • life cycle
    • biochemistry
37
Q

Algae

A
  • Photosynthetic organisms
  • Microscopic forms are unicellular, colonial, filamentous
  • Macroscopic forms are colonial and multicellular
  • Contain chloroplasts with chlorophyll and other pigments
  • Cell wall
  • May or may not have flagella
  • Most are free-living in fresh and marine water – plankton
  • Provide basis of food web in most aquatic habitats
  • Produce large proportion of atmospheric O2
  • Dinoflagellates can cause red tides and give off toxins that cause food poisoning with neurological symptoms
38
Q

Protozoa

A
  • Diverse group of 65,000 species
  • Vary in shape, lack a cell wall
  • Most are unicellular; colonies are rare
  • Most are harmless, free–living in a moist habitat
  • Some are animal parasites and can be spread by insect vectors
  • All are heterotrophic–lack chloroplasts
  • Cytoplasm divided into ectoplasm and endoplasm
  • Feed by engulfing other microbes and organic matter
  • Most have locomotor structures–flagella, cilia, or pseudopods
  • Exist as trophozoite–motile feeding stage
  • Many enter a dormant stage during unfavorable conditions for growth and feeding–cyst
  • All reproduce asexually, mitosis or multiple fission; many also reproduce sexually– conjugation
39
Q

Pathogenic flagellates:

Trypanosomes

A
  • Genus Trypanosoma
    • T. brucei – African sleeping sickness
    • T. cruzi – Chaga’s disease
  • Long, crescent-shaped cells with a single flagellum
  • Occur in the blood during infection
  • Transmitted by blood-sucking vectors
40
Q

Infective amoebas:

Entamoeba

A
  • Entamoeba histolytica – amebic dysentery
  • Ingested cysts germinate in the small intestine
  • Trophozoites migrate to the large intestine and grow
  • They can invade the liver, lungs, and skin
  • Common symptoms include gastrointestinal disturbances
41
Q

Parasitic Helminths

A
  • Multicellular animals, organs for reproduction, digestion, movement, protection
  • Parasitize host tissues
  • Have mouthparts for attachment to or digestion of host tissues
  • Most have well-developed sex organs that produce eggs and sperm
  • Fertilized eggs go through larval period in or out of host body
42
Q

Flatworms

A
  • flat, no definite body cavity
  • digestive tract a blind pouch
  • simple excretory and nervous systems
    • Cestodes (tapeworms)
    • Trematodes or flukes
      • flattened, nonsegmented worms with sucking mouthparts
43
Q

Roundworms (nematodes)

A
  • round
  • complete digestive tract
  • protective surface cuticle
  • spines and hooks on mouth
  • excretory and nervous systems poorly developed
44
Q

Parasitic helminths reproduce by:

A. Cysts

B. Spores

C. Eggs and sperm

D. All of the above

A

C. Eggs and sperm

Microbiology: lecture (8 decks)

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