06/08/15 - 06/09/15 Flashcards
Childhood doesn’t really matter for crime: TRUE OR FALSE
TRUE
What changes trough Adolescence “Changes” during adolescence
Criminal Motivation
Infants manifest measurable differences in what?
Behavior/ Personality
Expansion of neural pathways greatest during first
3 years of life
Infants:
Cry, Scream, thrash arms and legs, grab, pull, smile, etc.
Behavioral mostly non contextual
Infants don’t know “Social Roles”
Rude/disgusting behavior often normal.
Red Flags:
Constellation of age-inappropriate behaviors. (AIB)
AIB that persist across time and context
AIB that interfere with healthy development
Preschool Behavioral Markers of ASB (Reactive:)
: in response to frustration or threat.
Preschool Behavioral Markers of ASB (Proactive:)
: premeditated act intended to injure or hurt another person.
Ultimately, atypical developing aggression is marked by what?
by a proactive equality, high incidence, and stable trajectory(not aging out).
Noncompliance
Detection of clinical
noncompliance can occur by age two: TRUE OR FALSE
True
*goes hand in hand with cognitive and executive functioning development
Negotiating behaviors should emerge by 3: TRUE OR FALSE
TRUE
*Skillfully asserting alternatives
Unnecessarily moody, inflexible, and defiant noncompliance, that is non-response to punishment is a red flag: TRUE OR FALSE
TRUE
*especially if it is frequent and persists past early childhood.
Tantrums:
consider not only the age, but the pacing, duration, intensity, and predictability.
Particularly worrisome:
destruction of objects, intentional injurious behavior to self or others (caregiver), excessive frequency (5 plus/day during preschool), lasting 25 or more, substantial adult assistance to recover
Behaviors very proximate to crime pertaining to The child (about 5 to 10 years old) who repeatedly:
Disrupts
Lies
Cheats
Destroys property
Intentionally hurts people (Physically and Verbally)
CONSIDERED BEHAVIORALLY DISORDERED
Criteria for Behaviorally Disordered
Pattern of Symptoms At least short-term Stability Evident in several settings Symptoms are relatively secure Symptoms interfere with child’s ability to navigate developmental challenges.
Extent of Stability
1 to 2 year old stability: 80%
4 to 8 year old stability: 62%
3 to 11 year old stability: 50%
3 to 15 year old stability: 50%
Specifically, 50% of those labeled difficult to manage, hyperactive, and inattentive at age 3 were Behavioral Disordered at age 15.
:TRUE OR FALSE
TRUE
Cumulative Continuity:
Early behavioral problems generate a slew of other risk factors.
Boys problem behavior:
Act out, fight, hurt, injure one another.
Girls internalize problems:
depression, eating disorders, anxiety, relational aggression.
In general, boys show more continuity in problem behavior over time.
:TRUE OR FALSE
TRUE
Tabla Rasa
Blank SLate
Babies are born as “Blank Slates” TRUE OR FALSE
FALSE
Newborns have different
Genes
Prenatal environments
Obstetrical complication
Result: different central nervous systems (i.e. brain)
Different socialization cannot explain behavioral and temperamental variation.
EXAMPLE:Does every car run equally well on the same gasoline? Is “quality of gas” randomly assigned to each car?
Can Socialization Play a Role?
As time passes, Yes! But Remember
*Socialization does not occur in a vacuum on a “blank slate” infant/child. Children are “primed” to learn things as a certain level of efficiency.
“Quality” of socialization is not randomly assigned to children. TRUE OR FALSE
TRUE
*Leads to problems of causal inference.
What is Development?
Complex mix of human systems that converge to produce behaviors.
Humans develop physically, cognitively, emotionally, socially, etc.: TRUE OR FALSE
TRUE
How Does Social Development work?
Social Development is reflected in increasing context sensitivity.
Context sensitivity
Awareness of contextual behavioral expectations
Awareness of how certain conduct can lead to environmental conflict
Awareness that behavioral control is necessary to navigate social world.
Normative Development REQUIRES:
Increasingly advanced, but normative, cognitive functioning (memory, recall, internalized regulation)
As children mature:
social experiences can reinforce “neuromuscular development”, alter epigenome as well.
Construction of neural pathways linking axon to dendrite increases throughout life.
TRUE OR FALSE
TRUE
Delayed language development:
vocabulary, receptive language delays, and unintelligible speech.
Early childhood and Infancy
is the time where socialization is most likely to have a long lasting effect on behavior.
Not all socialization is equally relevant. TRUE OR FALSE
TRUE
Most relevant
Socialization
Severe abuse.
Severe neglect (absence of bonding object)
Abuse
prolonged exposure to intense stress
What does abuse do to the brain
Triggers over-activation of H-P System
Stimulates excessive release of Cortisol through bloodstream, High basal levels.
Impacts developing Brain: effectively engages Sympathetic Nervous System and Shuts down higher brain functions (learning, memory, verbal abilities, etc). Ex: shock/fear
Early social bonds matter to the extent that they are
virtually non-existent. (neglect)
Two hormones:
oxytocin & Vasopressin related to social bond formation. High baseline levels = better bonding capabilities.
Children of severe neglect do not
experience spikes in OT and vasopressin when they experience interaction with bio-matter. (two way causation possible
Language facilitates
Socialization/ Relationships
Expression/ Exchange of emotions
Having your needs met
Being academically and occupationally succesful
Language is a complex combination of symbols. TRUE OR FALSE
TRUE
*symbolizes actions, feelings, thoughts, things etc.
To understand language, must understand symbols. TRUE OR FALSE
TRUE
*(frontal lobe)
Requires abstraction:
categorization of input and appropriate application to multiple contexts.
Misunderstanding of social cues increases probability of
inappropriate, strained, difficult interactions and reactions.
Just like mislabeling the letters of a word can lead to
misinterpretation of a sentence.
People do not inherit language
but do inherit the capacity for language.
Brain most amenable to learn a language in first
3 or 4 years of life.
Vocabulary is about
85% heritable
60-80%
of children with language deficits have Behavioral problems.
Average child-
child- 3,000 new words each year
Between 86 and 98% of that shaped by
parent child interaction
On average, children of professors learn 3 times as many words during childhood as children w/ parents on welfare.TRUE OR FALSE
TRUE
Parents with lower vocabularies also tend to provide more negative verbal reinforcement. TRUE OR FALSE
TRUE
*This reinforces a disadvantage trajectory in language and aggression
