Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Neuroscience And Behaviour > [059] Learning And Memory 1 > Flashcards

[059] Learning And Memory 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of learning

A

The acquisition of new information or knowledge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the definition of memory

A

The retention of learned information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the definition of retrieval

A

Process necessary to recall stored memories

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is one way to classify memories

A

Classify into
- declarative memory and
- non-declarative or procedural memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is declarative memory

A

Memories for facts and events that can be accessed for conscious recollection (eg first bike was a present on 6th birthday)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What can declarative memory be subdivided into

A
  • episodic memory (recollecting specific events in time)
  • semantic memory ( remembering familiar objects or facts)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is non-declarative or procedural memory

A

Memories that do not require conscious recollection
- including habits (eg knowing how to ride a bike)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Model for formation of declarative memories
(Hint: relating to time)

A
  • Short-term,
  • long-term
  • working memory
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Characteristics of short-term declarative memory

A
  • lasts for minutes to hours
  • easily damaged, eg by concussion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Characteristics of long-term memory

A
  • more permanent
  • can last a lifetime
  • has greater capacity
  • quite resistant to disturbance
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is working memory and what are some of its characteristics

A

Is a temporary “hold” of information in a “ready to use” form

  • capacity is limited
  • needs rehearsal
  • is subject to interference
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is amnesia

A

(Declarative memory)
Memory loss due to brain insult

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What type of memory is usually affected in amnesia

A

Declarative memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are some causes of amnesia

A
  • concussion
  • chronic alcoholism
  • tumours
  • stroke
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the two importantly different forms of amnesia

A
  • retrograde amnesia (loss of memory for events PRIOR to trauma)
  • anterograde amnesia (inability to make or retrieve new memories after trauma)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Are pure retrograde or pure anterograde amnesias rare?

A

Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Can retrograde and anterograde amnesias occur together?

A

Yes.
In brain injury and disease, both forms are often seen together

18
Q

Which part of the brain is linked to working memory

A

Prefrontal cortex

19
Q

Monkeys with prefrontal lesions perform badly whilst doing what task?

A

Delayed response task
- deficits increase with delay

20
Q

What deficits do prefrontal cortex lesions in humans produce?

A

Deficits in working memory for problem solving
Eg Wisconsin card-sorting test

21
Q

Which part of the brain is associated with declarative memory

A

Temporal lobes

22
Q

Patient H.M. Is the most famous clinical case in human memory literature
What procedure was performed on him?

A

To treat severe epilepsy, he received
bilateral, medial temporal lobe resection
(Temporal lobes were the source of his epileptic discharges)

23
Q

What happened to patient H.M. after his bilateral medial, temporal lobe resection

A

Patient H.M. Had…

  • partial retrograde amnesia — could recall early childhood
  • profound anterograde amnesia — formed almost no new declarative memories after surgery

Retrieval mechanisms must not have been damaged as he could recall early childhood
Short-term memory was relatively normal
Various forms of procedural memory, eg mirror writing, were normal

24
Q

Medial temporal lobe structures

A
  • hippocampus
  • entorhinal cortex
  • perirhinal cortex
  • parahippocampal cortex
25
Q

What effect does bilateral medial temporal lesions in monkeys have

A

Severely impair delayed non-match to sample (DNMS) with intervals greater than 15 seconds (Mishkin, 1987) —> disturbed recognition memory in monkeys

(DNMS is a test of recognising object that have been seen recently — over seconds to minutes)

  • very short term/ working memory still quite good
  • procedural memory intact
26
Q

Which are the critical structures in medial temporal lobe for human recognition memory

A

Ranking by importance level:
Perirhinal cortex very important, followed by hippocampus and amygdala (less important )

Reciprocal connections make this system an associative network

27
Q

Role of diencephalon in memory

A

Medial temporal lobe structure project to thalamus and mammillary bodies

  • hippocampus > forbid -> mammillary bodies -> anterior nucleus of thalamus -> cingulate cortex
  • temporal lobe cortex, amygdala -> dorsomedial nucleus of thalamus -> prefrontal cortex

Damage to either anterior or dorsomedial nuclei of thalamus, or mammillary bodies of hypothalamus also disrupt memory

28
Q

Midline thalamic lesions in monkeys produce deficits in …?

A

DNMS (Delayed non-match to sample)

29
Q

Case N.A.
Was stabbed with a fencing foil through right nostril, travelled leftwards through midline and left thalamus — particularly dorsomedial thalamus

What type of amnesia did he have

A

Severe anterograde and
Retrograde amnesia for 2 years before accident

30
Q

What do studies in rats show hippocampus may be especially involved in

Hippocampal lesions

A

Spatial behaviour

Hippocampal lesions impair ability to solve a spatial map,, viewed as loss of spatial/ cognitive map

31
Q

What is a common cause of Korsakoff’s syndrome

A

Chronic alcoholism

32
Q

What is there a deficiency of in Korsakoff’s syndrome

A

Thiamine (vitamin B1)

33
Q

Symptoms of Korsakoff’s syndrome

A

Korsakoff syndrome is characterized by confabulation, memory loss, and gait abnormalities that are often irreversible and results if Wernicke encephalopathy is not treated adequately

34
Q

What is Korsakoff’s amnesic state

A

Amnesic state with
- anterograde amnesia
- limited retrograde amnesia

35
Q

Which parts of the brain are affected in Korsakoff’s amnesic state

A

Degeneration of mammillary bodies and anterior nucleus of thalamus ( some accounts include dorsomedial nucleus)

36
Q

What are other (non-amnesic) signs of Korsakoff’s syndrome

A
  • ataxia (especially of gait) due to degeneration of cerebellar anterior lobe vermis
    Note that : gait is affected but distal limb control is not
  • confusion all state
37
Q

Treatment of Korsakoff’s syndrome
What do you treat it with
Results?

A

Treatment with vitamin B1
Can lead to remarkable and rapid recovery of motor and confusional problems, but amnesias usually persist

38
Q

What type of memory loss is lost/ affected the most in Alzheimer’s disease?

A
  • retrograde amnesia spreads back in time as disease progresses
  • episodic memory affected most, semantic memory less so
  • procedural memory not impaired until final stages
39
Q

Biomolecular pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease

A

Neurofibrillary tangles of phosphorylated tau and extracellular plaques of beta-amyloid
Disease severity correlates with tangles, not plagues

40
Q

What structures of the brain are affected first

A

Trans-entorhinal cortex, entorhinal cortex and then through cerebral cortex

Also degeneration of basal nucleus of forebrain (nucleus of Meynert) cholinergic neurons, noradrenergic neurons in locus coeruleus and serotonergic Raphael neurons

Neuroscience And Behaviour (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions