040.02 Basics of Flight Physiology and Health Maintenance

Question 1

Ozone consists of molecular (oxygen/hydrogen)​.

Answer 1

Ozone consists of molecular (oxygen).

- Ozone = O₃ -

Question 2

State through which of the following Cholera is transmitted:

• droplets in the air cause by the breath of an infected person.
• food or water which has been contaminated.
• bacteria in the form of spores via a puncture in the skin.
• insect bites.

Answer 2

State through which of the following Cholera is transmitted:

• droplets in the air cause by the breath of an infected person.
• food or water which has been contaminated.
• bacteria in the form of spores via a puncture in the skin.
• insect bites.

Question 3

The type of hypoxia described is (…) hypoxia.

“Insufficient oxygen in the air that is breathed or when condition prevent the diffusion of O₂ from the lungs to the bloodstream.”

Answer 3

The type of hypoxia described is (hypoxic) hypoxia.

“Insufficient oxygen in the air that is breathed or when condition prevent the diffusion of O₂ from the lungs to the bloodstream.”

Question 4

You suffered a rapid decompression without the appearance of any decompression sickness symptoms. You should wait at least (…)​ hours until your next flight.

Answer 4

You suffered a rapid decompression without the appearance of any decompression sickness symptoms. You should wait at least (12) hours until your next flight.

Question 5

Records of radiation are normally kept for flights above (40 000/45 000/49 000/55 000) ​ft.

Answer 5

Records of radiation are normally kept for flights above (49 000) ft.

Question 6

When suffering from hupoxia, short-term memory impairment starts at approximately (8/12/16/22) ​000 ft.

Answer 6

When suffering from hupoxia, short-term memory impairment starts at approximately (12) 000 ft.

Question 7

Normal rate of breathing of anadult at rest is about (…)​ cycles per minute.

Answer 7

Normal rate of breathing of anadult at rest is about (16) cycles per minute.

• • 12 to 20 cycles a minute -*
• • 10 to 15 breaths per min -*

Question 8

Myopia is commenly called (long/short)​sightedness. The optical image forms (in front of/behind)​ the retina.

Answer 8

Myopia is commenly called (short)sightedness. The optical image forms (in front of)​ the retina.

Question 9

CO is 200 times (more/less)​ easily attached to haemoglobin than oxygen.

Answer 9

CO is 200 times (more) easily attached to haemoglobin than oxygen.

Question 10

State the altitude range for the four stages of hypoxia:

1. Indifferent → (…) to (…)
2. Compensatory → (…) to (…)
3. Disturbance → (…) to (…)
4. Critical → (…) to (…)

Answer 10

State the altitude range for the four stages of hypoxia:

1. Indifferent → (0) to (6 000)
2. Compensatory → (6 000) to (15 000)
3. Disturbance → (15 000) to (20 000)
4. Critical → (20 000) to (23 000)

Question 11

The normal sleep cycle is approximately every (…)​ minutes.

Answer 11

The normal sleep cycle is approximately every (90) minutes.

Question 12

The main function of the red blood cells is to (…)​.

Answer 12

The main function of the red blood cells is to (transport oxygen).

Question 13

Tetanus is transmitted through bacteria in the form of spores via (…)​.

Answer 13

Tetanus is transmitted through bacteria in the form of spores via (a puncture in the skin).

Question 14

The reaction threshold at which a pilot not using oxygen’s body starts with remarkable measures to compensate for teh drop in partial O₂ pressure is (…)​ ft.

Answer 14

The critical threshold at which a pilot not using oxygen reaches the critical or lethal zone is (7000) ft.

Question 15

Symptomps of hypoxia may be (…)​.

Answer 15

Symptomps of hypoxia may be (lack of concentration, fatigue, euphoria).

Question 16

The partial pressure of the respiratory gases within the pulmonary alveoli is:

• (5/40/46/47) mmHg _ppCO₂
• (10/47/150) mmHg _ppH₂O
• (0.03/40/100/150) mmHg _ppO₂

Answer 16

The partial pressure of the respiratory gases within the pulmonary alveoli is:

• (40) mmHg _ppCO₂
• (47) mmHg _ppH₂O
• (100) mmHg _ppO₂

Question 17

Presbyopia is a (…)​ of teh crystalline lens.

Answer 17

Presbyopia is a (loss of elasticity) of teh crystalline lens.

Question 18

If an air mass is (warmed/cooled), its relative humidity increases.

Answer 18

If an air mass is (warmed), its relative humidity increases.

Question 19

A human breathing 100% oxygen at 40 000 ft is the equivalent of breathing air at (sea level/8000/10000/21300)​ (ft).

Answer 19

A human breathing 100% oxygen at 40 000 ft is the equivalent of breathing air at (10 000).

Question 20

The normal visual acuity allows discrimination of two different points under an angle of 1 (second/minute/degree)​ of arc.

Answer 20

The normal visual acuity allows discrimination of two different points under an angle of 1 (minute) of arc.

Question 21

Lack of Vitamin (A/B/C/K)​ can cause deterioration in night vision.

Answer 21

Lack of Vitamin (A) can cause deterioration in night vision.

Question 22

A human breathing 100% oxygen at 33 700 ft is the equivalent of breathing air at (sea level/8000/10000/21300)​ (ft).

Answer 22

A human breathing 100% oxygen at 33 700 ft is the equivalent of breathing air at (sea level).

Question 23

The type of hypoxia described is (…) hypoxia.

“When there is interference with the use of O₂ by body tissues. Alcohol, narcotics and certain poisons interfere with the cells’ ability to use an adequate supply of oxygen.”

Answer 23

The type of hypoxia described is (histotoxic) hypoxia.

“When there is interference with the use of O₂ by body tissues. Alcohol, narcotics and certain poisons interfere with the cells’ ability to use an adequate supply of oxygen.”

Question 24

Semicircular canals form part of the (inner/middle/outer) ear.

Answer 24

Semicircular canals form part of the (inner) ear.

Question 25

The average amount of cosmic radiation that flight crew members receive per year is about (half/equal to/double) the amount of background radiation.

Answer 25

The average amount of cosmic radiation that flight crew members receive per year is about (equal to) the amount of background radiation.

Question 26

Hypermetropia is commenly called (long/short)​sightedness. The optical image forms (in front of/behind)​ the retina.

Answer 26

Hypermetropia is commenly called (long)sightedness. The optical image forms (behind) the retina.

Question 27

A thin sheet of paper or 0.2 cm of water can absorb (alpha/beta/gamma)​ radiation.

Answer 27

A thin sheet of paper or 0.2 cm of water can absorb (alpha) radiation.

Question 28

The threshold of pain for sound intensity is (95/115/140/170)​ dB.

Answer 28

The threshold of pain for sound intensity is (140) dB.

Question 29

A stroke occurs when blood supply to a certain part of (…) is cut off.

Answer 29

A stroke occurs when blood supply to a certain part of (the brain) is cut off.

Question 30

During the gas exchange, the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the alveoli is (higher/lower) than in the blood.

Answer 30

During the gas exchange, the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the alveoli is (lower) than in the blood.

Question 31

State the general gas law

Answer 31

(P • V) ÷ T = constant

Question 32

The rate and depth of breathing is primarily controlled by the amount of (…) in the blood.

Answer 32

The rate and depth of breathing is primarily controlled by the amount of (carbon dioxide) in the blood.

Question 33

Vision of the eye in well lit conditions is called (Photopic/Scotopic) vision. It is vision through the operation of the (Rods/Cones).

Answer 33

Vision of the eye in well lit conditions is called (Photopic) vision. It is vision through the operation of the (Cones).

Question 34

Yellow fever is contracted by a virus transmitted (…)​.

Answer 34

Yellow fever is contracted by a virus transmitted (by an infected mosquito).

Question 35

Vision of the eye in low light conditions is called (Photopic/Scotopic) vision. It is vision through the operation of the (Rods/Cones).

Answer 35

Vision of the eye in low light conditions is called (Scotopic) vision. It is vision through the operation of the (Rods).

Question 36

Symptoms caused by gas bubbles under the skin follwoing a decompression are called (…)​.

Answer 36

Symptoms caused by gas bubbles under the skin follwoing a decompression are called (creeps).

Question 37

Approaches at night without visual references ont he ground can make the pilot believe of being (higher/lower) than actual altitude with the risk of (overshooting/ducking under)​.

Answer 37

Approaches at night without visual references ont he ground can make the pilot believe of being (higher) than actual altitude with the risk of (ducking under).

Question 38

About (13/35/50/70)% of our knowledge is acquired through hearing.

Answer 38

About (13)% of our knowledge is acquired through hearing.

Question 39

After scuba diving or sub-aqua diving (more than 30 ft of depth) you have to wait at least (…)​ hours before flying again.

Answer 39

After scuba diving or sub-aqua diving (more than 30 ft of depth) you have to wait at least (24) hours before flying again.

Question 40

During a normal 8 hour sleep, (…) bouts of REM sleep are experienced.

Answer 40

During a normal 8 hour sleep, (4-5) bouts of REM sleep are experienced.

Question 41

State the formula to calculate BMI.

Answer 41

BMI = m ÷ h²

m = mass [kg]

h = height [m]

Question 42

Dengue fever is transmitted by mosquitoes active by (night/day)​.

Answer 42

Dengue fever is transmitted by mosquitoes active by (day).

Question 43

Blood with a low saturation is in the pulmonary (artery/veins).

Answer 43

Blood with a low saturation is in the pulmonary (artery).

Question 44

Symptoms caused by gas bubbles in the lungs, following a decompression are called (…)​.

Answer 44

Symptoms caused by gas bubbles in the lungs, following a decompression are called (chokes).

Question 45

Time of Usefull Consciousness (TUC) at 20 000 ft is (…)​.

Answer 45

Time of Usefull Consciousness (TUC) at 20 000 ft is (30 min).

Question 46

The type of hypoxia described is (…) hypoxia.

“The oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood is adequate, but there is inadequate circulation, for example during excessive G-forces.”

Answer 46

The type of hypoxia described is (stagnant) hypoxia.

“The oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood is adequate, but there is inadequate circulation, for example during excessive G-forces.”

Question 47

Accomodation is performed by adapting the shape of the (…)​.

Answer 47

Accomodation is performed by adapting the shape of the (crystalline lens).

Question 48

During hyperventilation, the blood becomes more (acid/alkaline)​.

Answer 48

During hyperventilation, the blood becomes more (alkaline).

Question 49

The fovea is an aera in which (rods/cones)​ predominate.

Answer 49

The fovea is an aera in which (cones) predominate.

Question 50

The correct remedial action if symptoms of hyperventilation occur at an altitude where hypoxia is not a consideration is to (increase/decrease) the rate and (increase/decrease)​ the depth of breathing.

Answer 50

The correct remedial action if symptoms of hyperventilation occur at an altitude where hypoxia is not a consideration is to (decrease) the rate and (decrease) the depth of breathing.

Question 51

Astigmatism is normally caused by a (…)​.

Answer 51

Astigmatism is normally caused by a (mis-shaped cornea).

Question 52

The ossicles (malleus, incus and stapes) are located in the (inner/middle/outer) ear.

Answer 52

The ossicles (malleus, incus and stapes) are located in the (middle) ear.

Question 53

The eye needs about (…) to fully adapt to the dark

Answer 53

The eye needs about (30 minutes) to fully adapt to the dark

Question 54

With increasing altitude the total pressure (decreases/remains constant) and the partial pressure (decreases/remains constant)​.

Answer 54

With increasing altitude the total pressure (decreases) and the partial pressure (decreases).

Question 55

Galactic radiation is (steady/unsteady) and (reasonably perdictable/unpredictable)​.

Answer 55

Galactic radiation is (steady) and (reasonably perdictable).

Question 56

CO affects O₂ carriage in the blood by (…).

Answer 56

CO affects O₂ carriage in the blood by (binding to the haemoglobin before O₂ does).

Question 57

The (semicircular canals/statolith organs) react mainly to gravitational force and linear accelerations ​(turns).

Answer 57

The (statolith (or otoliths) organs) react mainly to gravitational force and linear accelerations ​(acceleration).

Question 58

Pain in the joints caused by gas bubbles following a decompression is called (…)​.

Answer 58

Pain in the joints caused by gas bubbles following a decompression is called (bends).

Question 59

Grey out can be observed if a pilot is subjected to more than (+ / -) 3 (Gx/Gy/Gz)​.

Answer 59

Grey out can be observed if a pilot is subjected to more than (+) 3 (Gz).

Question 60

State the normal BMI range for male and female.

Answer 60

Male: 18.5 - 24.9 (25)

Female: 17.5 - 23.9 (24)

Question 61

Somatographic illusion gives the pilot a false impression of (…)​.

Answer 61

Somatographic illusion gives the pilot a false impression of (climbing or descending).

Question 62

Contact lenses can be considered an acceptable means of visual correction for pilot only when he’s (far/near)​-sighted.

Answer 62

Contact lenses can be considered an acceptable means of visual correction for pilot only when he’s (near)-sighted.

Question 63

At rest the cardiac output (the quantity of blood the heart pumps in one minute) of an adult is approximately (…) ​per minute.

Answer 63

At rest the cardiac output (the quantity of blood the heart pumps in one minute) of an adult is approximately (5 liters) per minute.

Question 64

About (…) ml of air is exchanged during anormal breathing cycle (tidal volume).

Answer 64

About (500) ml of air is exchanged during anormal breathing cycle (tidal volume).

Question 65

The law of diffusion is also known as (…)​’’s law.

Answer 65

The law of diffusion is also known as (Fick)'’s law.

Question 66

The adjustment of the eyes to high or low levels of illumination is called (…)​.

Answer 66

The adjustment of the eyes to high or low levels of illumination is called (adaption).

Question 67

Neuronal signals travel (chemically/electrically) along the axon and (chemically/electrically) via the synaptic gap.

Answer 67

Neuronal signals travel (electrically) along the axon and (chemically) via the synaptic gap.

Question 68

Hyperventilation causes too much (oxygen/CO₂) to be removed from the blood causing the level of carbonic acid to (rise/fall)​.

Answer 68

Hyperventilation causes too much (CO₂) to be removed from the blood causing the level of carbonic acid to (fall).

Question 69

The brain and the (brain stem/spinal cord) are the main parts of the CNS and vision is processed at the (…)​.

Answer 69

The brain and the (spinal cord) are the main parts of the CNS and vision is processed at the (cortex).

Question 70

During a flight at constant altitude and overflying an area of large trees, followed by an area of small trees, the appearance of the small trees being further away than the large trees, meaning a first impression of flying at a higher altitude, is (bottom-up/top-down)​ processing.

Answer 70

During a flight at constant altitude and overflying an area of large trees, followed by an area of small trees, the appearance of the small trees being further away than the large trees, meaning a first impression of flying at a higher altitude, is (top-down) processing.

Question 71

The physiological rhytms of a pilot in a new time zone will resynchronise to this new time zone at a rate of about (…) ​hours a day.

Answer 71

The physiological rhytms of a pilot in a new time zone will resynchronise to this new time zone at a rate of about (1 - 1.5) hours a day.

Question 72

Stereoscopic vision is the (ability/lack of ability)​ to focus both eyes on a single object.

Answer 72

Stereoscopic vision is the (ability) to focus both eyes on a single object.

Question 73

Glaucoma is due to a(n) (increase/decrease) in pressure of the liquid within the eye.

Answer 73

Glaucoma is due to a(n) (increase) in pressure of the liquid within the eye.

Question 74

The (semicircular canals/statolith organs) react mainly to angular accelerations ​(turns).

Answer 74

The (semicircular canals) react mainly to angular accelerations (turns).

Question 75

The maximum EASA blood/alcohol limit for flight and cabin crew is (…)​ milligrams per 100 milliliters of blood.

Answer 75

The maximum EASA blood/alcohol limit for flight and cabin crew is (20) milligrams per 100 milliliters of blood.

Question 76

When spinning an aircraft, the predominating type of acceleration will be (…) ​ acceleration.

Answer 76

When spinning an aircraft, the predominating type of acceleration will be (angular) acceleration.

Question 77

A balloon is often used to illustrate the effects of (…)​ gas law.

Answer 77

A balloon is often used to illustrate the effects of (Boyle’s) gas law.

Question 78

Time of Usefull Consciousness (TUC) at 25 000 ft is (…)​.

Answer 78

Time of Usefull Consciousness (TUC) at 25 000 ft is (2-3 min).

Question 79

The heart consists of (two/four) atria, (two/four) ventricles and (two/four) ​valves.

Answer 79

The heart consists of (two) atria, (two) ventricles and (four) valves.

Question 80

The annual amount of radiation (Sievert) that may have adverse effects on your health is (1/10/100/1000)​ mSv.

Answer 80

The annual amount of radiation (Sievert) that may have adverse effects on your health is (100) mSv.

Question 81

In the inner ear, sacculus, utriculus and otoliths are sensitive to (…)​.

Answer 81

In the inner ear, sacculus, utriculus and otoliths are sensitive to (linear acceleration and gravity)​.

Question 82

From (…) ft you can suffer from hypoxia.

Answer 82

From (6000) ft you can suffer from hypoxia.

Question 83

The type of hypoxia described is (…) hypoxia.

“Caused by a reduction in the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood. Anaemia and blood loss are the most common causes of this type.”

Answer 83

The type of hypoxia described is (hypaemic or anaemic) hypoxia.

“Caused by a reduction in the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood. Anaemia and blood loss are the most common causes of this type.”

Question 84

When flying at night the scanning technique to be used is (…)​.

Answer 84

When flying at night the scanning technique to be used is (to look to the side (10° - 15°) of the object).

Question 85

State through which of the following Hepatitis A is transmitted:

• droplets in the air cause by the breath of an infected person.
• food or water which has been contaminated.
• bacteria in the form of spores via a puncture in the skin.
• insect bites.

Answer 85

State through which of the following Hepatitis A is transmitted:

• droplets in the air cause by the breath of an infected person.
• food or water which has been contaminated.
• bacteria in the form of spores via a puncture in the skin.
• insect bites.

Question 86

The critical threshold at which a pilot not using oxygen reaches the critical or lethal zone is (…)​ ft.

Answer 86

The critical threshold at which a pilot not using oxygen reaches the critical or lethal zone is (22 000) ft.

Question 87

A clear portion of the eye where the light passes through is called the (…).

Answer 87

A clear portion of the eye where the light passes through is called the (cornea)​. = hoornvlies

Question 88

A male person is considered obese when he has a BMI of over (…). For a female person this is (…)​.

Answer 88

A male person is considered obese when he has a BMI of over (30). For a female person this is (29).

Question 89

Barotrauma is caused by (…)​.

Answer 89

Barotrauma is caused by (differences in pressure between the sinus cavities and the outside pressure, blocked Eustachian Tube).

Question 90

The law that explains bubbles of nitrogen coming out of solution in body tissues due to a decrease in atmospheric pressure is (…)​ law.

Answer 90

The law that explains bubbles of nitrogen coming out of solution in body tissues due to a decrease in atmospheric pressure is (Henry’s) law.

Question 91

Time of Usefull Consciousness (TUC) at 40 000 ft is (…)​.

Answer 91

Time of Usefull Consciousness (TUC) at 40 000 ft is (15-20 sec).

Question 92

Adjustment to the destination time in case of circadian rhytm disruption (jet lag) takes longer when traveling (east/west)​.

Answer 92

Adjustment to the destination time in case of circadian rhytm disruption (jet lag) takes longer when traveling (east).

Question 93

Including REM there are (…)​ sleep stages.

Answer 93

Including REM there are (5) sleep stages.

Question 94

The credit/debit system of the sleep/wake cycle means that every one hour of sleep puts the body in credit by (…).

Answer 94

The credit/debit system of the sleep/wake cycle means that every one hour of sleep puts the body in credit by (two hours)​.

Question 95

Henry’s law explains the occurence of (…)​.

Answer 95

Henry’s law explains the occurence of (decompression sickness).

Question 96

Time of Usefull Consciousness (TUC) at 30 000 ft is (…)​.

Answer 96

Time of Usefull Consciousness (TUC) at 30 000 ft is (1-2 min).

- between 45 seconds and 1 minute 30 seconds -

Question 97

Preventing hypoxia at altitude is achieved by pressurizing the air inside the aircraft to achieve oxygen saturation in blood of more than (30/90)​%.

Answer 97

Preventing hypoxia at altitude is achieved by pressurizing the air inside the aircraft to achieve oxygen saturation in blood of more than (90)%.

Question 98

(50/75/85/90)% of our knowledge is aquired through sight.

Answer 98

(75)% of our knowledge is aquired through sight.

Question 99

A day blind spot is caused by the (optic nerve/fovea) not havind rods and cones which creates a blind spot.

Answer 99

A day blind spot is caused by the (optic nerve) not havind rods and cones which creates a blind spot.

Question 100

Angina is a symptom of reduced oxygen supply to the (brain/heart muscle), usually caused by narrowing or obstruction of the (lung alveoli/coronary artery)​.

Answer 100

Angina is a symptom of reduced oxygen supply to the (heart muscle), usually caused by narrowing or obstruction of the (coronary artery).

- like a heart attack, but less severe -

Question 101

Hypoxia can affect night vision from approximately (…)​ ft.

Answer 101

Hypoxia can affect night vision from approximately (5000) ft.

- 1500 m -

Question 102

The rate of metabolism (for alcohol to disappear from the blood) is on average (…)​ mille per hour.

Answer 102

The rate of metabolism (for alcohol to disappear from the blood) is on average (0.1 to 0.15) mille per hour.

Question 103

In the inner ear, semicircular canals are sensitive to (…)​.

Answer 103

In the inner ear, semicircular canals are sensitive to (angular accelerations).

- Roll change -

Question 104

If an airplane if flyingt into fog, snow or haze, the illision that objects (…) may occur.

Answer 104

If an airplane if flyingt into fog, snow or haze, the illision that objects (seem to be farther away than in reality) may occur.

Question 105

Time of Usefull Consciousness (TUC) at 35 000 ft is (…)​.

Answer 105

Time of Usefull Consciousness (TUC) at 35 000 ft is (30-90 sec).

Question 106

Haemoglobin is found in (…)​.

Answer 106

Haemoglobin is found in (the red blood cells).

Question 107

Proprioceptors sense (…)​.

Answer 107

Proprioceptors sense (joint positions).