040.01 Human Factors: Basic Concepts

Question 1

Pilot error is the main cause of air accidents in around (20/50/70/95)% of the accidents.

Answer 1

Pilot error is the main cause of air accidents in around (70)% of the accidents.

Question 2

In an organization where a good safety culture is predominant, the accountability lies with the (board members/individuals/management)​.

Answer 2

In an organization where a good safety culture is predominant, the accountability lies with the (management).

Question 3

In complex organisations, the safety manager and the (CEO/safety review board/AOC holder/chief pilot) are responsible for (flight) safety.

Answer 3

In complex organisations, the safety manager and the (safety review board) are responsible for (flight) safety.

Question 4

In the aviation industry, (…) is responsible for flight safety.

Answer 4

In the aviation industry, (everyone involved) is responsible for flight safety.

Question 5

According to the model of James Reason, an institution in charge of gathering information from accidents and investigations can be defined as (…)​.

Answer 5

According to the model of James Reason, an institution in charge of gathering information from accidents and investigations can be defined as (informed).

Question 6

With reference to the SHELL model, L represents (…), which includes (…)​.

Answer 6

With reference to the SHELL model, L represents (liveware), which includes (communication).

Question 7

In an organization where a good safety culture is predominant, the responsibility lies with the (board members/individuals/management)​.

Answer 7

In an organization where a good safety culture is predominant, the responsibility lies with the (individuals).

Question 8

The TEM model distinguishes between two types of threats, (…) and (…).

Answer 8

The TEM model distinguishes between two types of threats, (organisational) and (environmental)​.

Question 9

An error according to the TEM model of ICAO Annex 1 is (…) by an operational person that leads to deviations from organizational or the operational person’s intentions or expectations.

Answer 9

An error according to the TEM model of ICAO Annex 1 is (an action or inaction) by an operational person that leads to deviations from organizational or the operational person’s intentions or expectations.

Question 10

With reference to the SHELL model, S represents (…), which includes (…)​.

Answer 10

With reference to the SHELL model, S represents (software), which includes (check lists).

Question 11

The following errors are (…) errors:

• SOPs errors
• Checklist -
• Callouts -
• Breifings -
• Documentation -

Answer 11

The following errors are (procedural) errors:

• SOPs errors
• Checklist -
• Callouts -
• Breifings -
• Documentation -

Question 12

With reference to the SHELL model, the central L represents (…), which includes (…)​.

Answer 12

With reference to the SHELL model, the central L represents (liveware), which includes (human elements).

Question 13

The following errors are (…) errors:

• Crew to external errors
• Pilot to pilot -

Answer 13

The following errors are (communication) errors:

• Crew to external errors
• Pilot to pilot -

Question 14

With reference to the SHELL model, H represents (…), which includes (…)​.

Answer 14

With reference to the SHELL model, H represents (hardware), which includes (aircraft instruments).

Question 15

The following errors are (…) errors:

• Manual handling, flight controls error
• Automation -
• Systems, radio, instruments -
• Ground navigation -

Answer 15

The following errors are (aircraft handling) errors:

• Manual handling, flight controls error
• Automation -
• Systems, radio, instruments -
• Ground navigation -

Question 16

State the basic components of the TEM model:

Answer 16

State the basic components of the TEM model:

• Threats
• Errors
• Undesired aircraft states

Question 17

The safety culture in which a person is not legally prosecuted when commiting an error without consent, but where intentional violation or negligent behavior are not tolerated is called (…)​ culture.

Answer 17

The safety culture in which a person is not legally prosecuted when commiting an error without consent, but where intentional violation or negligent behavior are not tolerated is called (just) culture.

Question 18

An atmosphere in which crew memebers can confidently report safety concerns and are not afraid of blame is known as (…) ​culture.

Answer 18

An atmosphere in which crew memebers can confidently report safety concerns and are not afraid of blame is known as (reporting) culture.

Question 19

With reference to the SHELL model, E represents (…), which includes (…)​.

Answer 19

With reference to the SHELL model, E represents (environment), which includes (temperature, noise, jetlag).