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Hematology and Immunology > 03.02 - Peripheral Blood Smear and Bone Marrow Hemopoiesis > Flashcards

03.02 - Peripheral Blood Smear and Bone Marrow Hemopoiesis Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the following statements is incorrect?

a. Plasma constitutes 55% of whole blood, while the remaining 45% is composed of formed elements.
b. Erythrocytes and platelets function within the blood vessel, while leukocytes have to exit out into the surrounding tissues to function.
c. The blood is important for transport of materials, homeostasis, and protection.
d. Erythrocyte progenitors in the bone marrow are enucleated.

A

d. Erythrocyte progenitors in the bone marrow are enucleated.

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2
Q

Which of the following is NOT true about erythrocytes?

a. Females generally possess a greater number of erythrocytes to compensate for blood loss during menstruation.
b. In erythrocytes, one hemoglobin molecule can bind to 4 oxygen molecules.
c. Erythrocytes do not contain any organelles in their cytoplasm.
d. The biconcave shape of RBCs contribute to increased surface area for oxygen diffusion.

A

a. Females generally possess a greater number of erythrocytes to compensate for blood loss during menstruation. (Males generally have a greater number of erythrocytes in their blood.)

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3
Q

All of the following describes reticulocytes except:

a. Stained with cresyl violet
b. Contains residual ribosomes that contribute to basophilic stippling
c. Generally decreases in response to hemolysis
d. Contains mitochondria and Golgi elements

A

c. Generally decreases in response to hemolysis

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4
Q

Which of the following conditions promote crenation of erythrocytes?

a. High osmotic pressure
b. Hypertonic environment
c. Low ATP
d. All of the above

A

d. All of the above

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5
Q

This is an aggregate of red blood cells usually seen in thick smears of fresh blood and facilitates the rate of red cell sedimentation.

A

Rouleaux formation

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6
Q

Which of the following is incorrectly matched?

a. Spectrin - forms a lattice reinforcing the membrane
b. Actin - attaches to spectrin to form a network
c. Tropomyosin - stabilizes actin
d. Ankyrin - attaches spectrin to plasma membrane

A

None of the above

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7
Q

Aside from actin, what other proteins attach spectrin to form a network?

A

Proteins Band 4.1 and 4.9

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8
Q

The presence of RBCs with great size variations is called:

A

Anisocytosis

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9
Q

The presence of RBCs with great shape variations is called:

A

Poikilocytosis

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10
Q

_________________ refers to the color of RBCs.

A

Chromasia

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11
Q

Hypochromic RBCs may be indicative of:

a. Increased number of RBCs
b. Decreased number of RBCs
c. A type of anemia
d. None of the above

A

c. A type of anemia (Chromasia is not related to RBC content but rather to the intensity of color of the RBCs. Hypochromasia may be observed in certain types of anemia.)

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12
Q

An increase in the number of red blood cells is properly termed as _____________.

A

Polycythemia

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13
Q

Platelets:

a. Are biconvex
b. Control hemorrhage
c. Relatively short-lived compared to RBCs
d. All of the above

A

d. All of the above

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14
Q

_________________ refers to the thin pale blue peripheral zone in platelets.

A

Hyalomere

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15
Q

_________________ refers to the central area that contains mitochondria, glycogen, and granules in platelets.

A

Granulomere

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16
Q

This facilitates the initial platelet attachment to blood vessel wall with injury.

A

von Willebrand factor

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17
Q

After initial platelet attachment, platelets attached to the blood vessel secretes ______________ to further induce platelet aggregation

A

Thrombospondin

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18
Q

This growth modulator stimulates the repair of damaged blood vessels.

A

Platelet-derived growth factor

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19
Q

This coagulation factor counteracts the anticoagulant heparin.

A

Platelet Factor IV

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20
Q

What activates the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin?

A

Thrombin

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21
Q

Which of the following statements about leukocytes is incorrect?

a. Leukocytes have to migrate from the bloodstream into the surrounding connective tissues to function.
b. Leukocytes are spherical in the blood vessels.
c. Leukocytes in tissues are amoeboid in shape.
d. During injury or infection, neutrophil migration decreases.

A

d. During injury or infection, neutrophil migration decreases.

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22
Q

What is the most abundant granulocyte in the body?

A

Neutrophils (57-67%)

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23
Q

What is the least abundant granulocyte in the body?

A

Basophils (0-0.75%)

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24
Q

True or False: Agranulocytes contain azurophilic granules.

A

True (but they do not contain specific granules that bind to neutral, basic, or acidic stains.)

25
Q

Which granulocyte is expected to increase in response to a bacterial infection?

a. Monocytes
b. Macrophages
c. Neutrophils
d. Eosinophils

A

c. Neutrophils

26
Q

All of the following correspond to neutrophils except:

a. Hyperlobulated nucleus
b. Phagocytose bacteria
c. Contains collagenase, alkaline phosphatase, and lactoferrin in its granules
d. Intensely basophilic cytoplasm

A

d. Intensely basophilic cytoplasm

27
Q

Eosinophils:

a. Dispose antigen-antibody complexes formed during an allergic reaction
b. Have a bilobed nucleus and pink granules in their cytoplasm
c. Possess a basic protein, arginine-rich factor, in its granules
d. All of the above

A

d. All of the above

28
Q

Mast cells:

a. Releases histamine
b. Are sessile
c. Has a longer life span compared to basophils
d. All of the above

A

d. All of the above

29
Q

Which of the following does not describe lymphocytes?

a. Thin rim of blue cytoplasm
b. Involved in hum oral and cell-mediated immunity
c. Indented, kidney-shaped nucleus
d. Contains azurophilic, non-specific granules

A

c. Indented, kidney-shaped nucleus

30
Q

Which of the following characteristics does not pertain to monocytes?

a. Smallest WBC
b. More cytoplasm compared to leukocytes
c. Indented nucleus
d. Differentiates into macrophages and dendritic cells

A

a. Smallest WBC (Monocytes are the largest of all WBCs.)

31
Q

Which of the following is incorrectly paired?

a. Kupffer cells -liver
b. Langerhan cells - skin
c. Macrophages - connective tissue
d. Microglial cells - bone

A

d. Microglial cells - bone

32
Q

A hematocrit count greater than 60% would probably indicate:

a. Thrombocytopenia
b. Polycythemia
c. Hemolytic anemia
d. Pancytopenia

A

b. Polycythemia

33
Q

Neutrophils would most likely constitute ____________ of the blood cells in the plasma.

a. 60%
b. 30%
c. 3%
d. 0.75%

A

a. 60%

34
Q

Lymphocytes would constitute approximately _______________ of the blood cells in the plasma.

a. 60%
b. 30%
c. 7%
d. 2%

A

b. 30%

35
Q

What is the normal range of platelet concentration in the plasma?

A

150,000-400,000 platelets per microliter

36
Q

Which of the following ranges pertains to monocytes?

a. 57-67%
b. 25-33%
c. 3-7%
d. 1-3%

A

c. 3-7%

37
Q

You observe a peripheral blood smear with erythrocytes that are 5 micrometers in diameter. The erythrocytes are most probably:

a. Hypochromic
b. Macrocytic
c. Normochromic
d. Microcytic

A

d. Microcytic

38
Q

What is the average life span of RBCs?

A

120 days

39
Q

What is the average life span of platelets?

A

9-12 days

40
Q

What is the average life span of granulocytes (e.g. neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils)?

A

7 hours; 8-12 days in connective tissues

41
Q

What is the average life span of monocytes?

A

1-3 days in the blood; 20 days in connective tissue

42
Q

Which of the following statements in incorrect?

a. Lifespan of WBCS are greater when outside the bloodstream.
b. Memory cells have an average life span of 12 weeks.
c. The average diameter of an erythrocyte is 7.5 micrometers.
d. The bone marrow becomes an active site of hematopoiesis during the 3rd trimester.

A

b. Memory cells have an average life span of 12 weeks. (Memory cells have a life span that reaches years.)

43
Q

You examine a bone marrow sample from an adult who is 20 years old. Upon observation, you see active hematopoietic stem cells and committed progenitor cells. The bone marrow sample most likely came from which bone?

a. Shaft of tibia
b. Vertebrae
c. Shaft of femur
d. A and C

A

b. Vertebrae

44
Q

Active bone marrow is:

a. Red
b. Highly cellular
c. Made mainly of adipose
d. A and B

A

d. A and B

45
Q

True or False: Yellow bone marrow cannot revert back to red bone marrow.

A

False. It can in case of severe injury.

46
Q

You observe a slide containing polychromatophilic and orthochromatophilic erythroblasts under a microscope. The sample most likely is:

a. a peripheral blood smear
b. a bone marrow aspirate
c. a splenic tissue
d. None of the above

A

b. a bone marrow aspirate

47
Q

Which of the following does not happen as erythropoiesis progresses?

a. Decrease in cell size
b. Increased haemoglobin content
c. Condensation of nuclear chromatin
d. Increased basophilia due to progression of ribosome synthesis

A

d. Increased basophilia due to progression of ribosome synthesis

48
Q

Which of the following does not describe a polychromatophilic erythroblast?

a. Checkerboard appearance of nucleus
b. Extruded nucleus
c. Blue-gray to dull olive-green cytoplasm
d. Last cell capable of mitosis

A

b. Extruded nucleus

49
Q

Which of the following is not an important factor in erythropoiesis?

a. Epo
b. Vitamin B12
c. Vitamin B9
d. Ferric ion

A

d. Ferric ion

50
Q

What is the earliest recognisable stage in granulocytopoiesis?

A

Myeloblast

51
Q

What is the largest cell in granulocytopoiesis?

A

Promyelocyte

52
Q

In what stage of granulocytopoiesis does mitosis last occur?

A

Myelocyte

53
Q

Which stage of granulocytopoiesis is characterised by an indented nucleus and neutrophilic cytoplasm?

A

Metamyelocyte

54
Q

Which stage of granulocytopoiesis is characterised by a U-shaped nucleus?

A

Band cell

55
Q

Which of the following trends does not happen in granulocytopoiesis?

a. Decreasing indentation of the nucleus
b. Formation of specific granules
c. Disappearance of the nucleoli
d. None of the above

A

a. Decreasing indentation of the nucleus (The nucleus becomes increasingly indented as granulocytopoiesis progresses.)

56
Q

Enumerate the stages of monocytopoiesis.

A

Monoblast -> Promonocyte -> Monocyte

57
Q

In a peripheral blood smear, you observe a cell with an eccentrically located, round nucleus and negative image of Golgi. This cell is most likely a:

a. Memory B cell
b. Plasma cell
c. Helper T cell
d. Cytotoxic T cell

A

b. Plasma cell

58
Q

In thrombocytopoiesis, what do you call the process of multiple replication without division of cytoplasm, resulting in the lobulation of the nucleus?

A

Endomitosis

Hematology and Immunology (3 decks)

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