03.01 - Hematopoiesis Flashcards by Antoni Andreu Martija

When a cell divides to give rise to similar cell types, it is said to exhibit ________________.

Symmetric division

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Embryonic stem cells can develop into the three germ layers. This is an example of:

a. Totipotency
b. Pluripotency
c. Oligopotency
d. Unipotency

b. Pluripotency

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The ability to form specific cell types from the three germ layers describes what type of potency?

a. Totipotency
b. Pluripotency
c. Oligopotency
d. Unipotency

c. Oligopotency

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Cardiac cells cannot give rise to nerve cells. This is because cardiac cells are:

a. Totipotent
b. Pluripotent
c. Oligopotent
d. Unipotent

d. Unipotent

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Hematopoietic stem cells:

a. Are pluripotent
b. Give rise to RBC, WBC and platelets
c. Are unipotent
d. A and B

b. Give rise to RBC, WBC and platelets

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The common myeloid progenitor (CMP) gives rise to all of the following except:

a. Platelets
b. Neutrophils
c. Lymphocytes
d. Dendritic Cells

c. Lymphocytes

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Differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells happen in which part of the body?

a. Blood
b. Thymus
c. Bone marrow
d. Liver

c. Bone marrow

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What is the physiological consequence of the biconcave shape of erythrocytes?

a. Increased affinity for oxygen
b. Increased unloading of oxygen
c. Increased surface area
d. None of the above

c. Increased surface area

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Which of the following does not describe an RBC?

a. Biconcave and with central pallor
b. Anucleated
c. Transports carbon dioxide
d. Appears pale blue under the microscope

d. Appears pale blue under the microscope

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These are a nucleated granules that form clots in times of tissue injury.

Platelets/thrombocytes

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Enumerate the three granular leukocytes.

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils

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While observing a peripheral blood smear under a microscope, you see a cell with pale pink granules and segmented, multi-lobed nucleus. This cell is most likely:

a. Involved in adaptive immune responses
b. Mediates systemic allergic responses
c. Responds to parasitic infections
d. Phagocytoses bacteria

d. Phagocytoses bacteria

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Which of the following does not pertain to an eosinophil?

a. Large red to purple granules
b. Responds to viral infections
c. Counteracts local allergic responses
d. Bilobed nucleus

b. Responds to viral infections

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Basophils:

a. Have a bilobed nucleus
b. Are characterised by large blue granules in the cytoplasm
c. Are present in very large amounts
d. Releases histamine

c. Are present in very large amounts

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Which of the following does not describe monocytes?

a. Precursor to macrophages
b. Indented or kidney-shaped nucleus
c. Can be found only in the lungs and liver
d. Non-granular

c. Can be found only in the lungs and liver

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All of the following describes natural killer (NK) cells except:

a. Are part of innate immunity
b. Use target-oriented granules to kill target cells
c. Originate from a myeloid progenitor
d. Can attack tumor cells

c. Originate from a myeloid progenitor

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Dendritic cells:

a. Are antigen-presenting cells
b. Possess antibodies on its surface
c. Can come from both myeloid and lymphoid progenitor
d. A and C

d. A and C

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What hormone signals hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow to make more RBCs?

Erythropoietin (Epo)

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Epo:

a. Is made in the liver
b. Increases when there is hypoxia
c. Increases WBC count
d. A and B

b. Increases when there is hypoxia (It is made in the kidneys.)

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What growth factors are responsible for stimulating the differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells into CMP?

SCF and Tpo

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What growth factors stimulates the production of megakaryote and erythroid progenitors from CMP?

SCF, Tpo, and IL-3

It is the earliest recognisable committed cell that ultimately gives rise to erythrocytes.

Proerythroblast

This developmental stage of erythropoiesis is characterised by active synthesis of ribosomes, which is responsible for basophilic stippling.

Early erythroblast/basophilic erythroblast

In erythropoiesis, in what stage does mitosis last occur?

Late erythroblast/polychromatophilic erythroblast

Accumulation of haemoglobin is a defining characteristic of what development stage of erythropoiesis?

Late erythroblast/polychromatophilic erythroblast

This is the first development stage in erythropoiesis that does not undergo mitosis.

Normoblast/orthochromatophilic erythroblast

In what developmental stage of erythropoiesis does ejection of the nucleus happen?

Normoblast/orthochromatophilic erythroblast

Increased reticulocyte count may be indicative of: a. Decreased production of RBCs b. Possible hemolytic anemia c. High oxygen concentrations d. None of the above

b. Possible hemolytic anemia (Increased reticulocyte count corresponds to the compensatory production of RBCs due to the erythrocyte destruction in hemolytic anemia.)

What growth factor is responsible for the differentiation of megakaryocyte progenitor cells into megakaryocytes?

Thrombopoietin (Tpo)

Common myeloid progenitor (CMP) cells differentiate into granulocyte and macrophage progenitors (GMP) in the presence of which growth factor?

GM-CSF (granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor)

Granulocyte progenitor develops from GMP in the presence of _______________.

G-CSF (granulocyte colony-stimulating factor)

What growth factors are responsible for development of neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils?

G-CSF, SCF, IL-3, IL-5

It is the earliest recognisable stage in granulopoiesis.

Myeloblast

In granulopoiesis, this is the last stage where mitosis occurs.

Myelocyte

This is the first stage in granulopoiesis where mitosis does not occur.

Metamyelocyte

Which of the following may explain an increase in the number of band cells? a. Hypoxia b. Severe bacterial infection c. Blood loss d. Auto-immune disease

b. Severe bacterial infection

What growth factor is responsible for the development of macrophage progenitor (MP) from GMP in monopoiesis?

M-CSF (macrophage colony-stimulating factor)

MP differentiates into macrophages, monocytes, and dendritic cells when __________ is present.

M-CSF (macrophage colony-stimulating factor)

Macrophages: a. Are involved in both innate and adaptive immune response b. Produces cytokines c. Phagocytose foreign material and present antigens to lymphocytes d. All of the above

d. All of the above

What is the direct precursor of macrophages and dendritic cells from the myeloid cell line?

Monocytes

What growth factor is responsible for the differentiation of common lymphoid progenitor (CLP) from hematopoietic stem cells?

IL-7

When IL-7 and IL-2 are both present, CLP differentiates into:

TCP (T-cell progenitor)

When only IL-7 is present, CLP differentiates into:

BCP (B-cell progenitor)

BCP is stimulated to become mature B-cells by:

IL-4

Further stimulation of TCP by IL-7 and IL-2 will yield:

Mature T-cells (helper and cytotoxic T cells)

What growth factor is responsible for the maturation of NKP into natural killer cells?

IL-5

Which of the following does not describe T-cells? a. Produced in the bone marrow b. Differentiate in the thymus c. Undergoes positive and negative selection d. None of the above

d. None of the above

B-cells: a. May either become plasma or memory cells b. Differentiates in the spleen and other lymph nodes c. Produced in the bone marrow d. All of the above.

d. All of the above.

Which of the following is incorrectly matched? a. yolk sac - 1st few weeks b. liver - 6th week c. spleen - 10th week d. bone marrow - 5 years

d. bone marrow - 5 years

These are the main post-natal sites of hematopoiesis during childhood.

Tibia and femur (long bones)

In adulthood, hematopoiesis occurs in:

Short bones (e.g. ribs, sternum, vertebrae, pelvis)