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MCAT - Behavioral Sciences > 03 Learning and Memory > Flashcards

03 Learning and Memory Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

Habituation

A

decrease in response due to repeated exposure to same stimulus.

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2
Q

Dishabituation

A

recovery of a response to a initial stimulus after habituation, usually after a different stimulus has been presented.

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3
Q

Associative Learning

A

creation of a pairing/association b/t 2 stimuli or b/t behavior and response.

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4
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

turning a neutral stimulus into a conditioned stimulus.

**Pavlov’s Dogs; links instincts and biological responses.

If conditioned stimulus is presented without the unconditioned stimulus enough times, the organism can become habituated and extinction occurs.

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5
Q

Spontaneous Recovery

A

part of Classical Conditioning — weak conditioned response sometimes exhibited when extinct conditioned stimulus is presented again.

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6
Q

Generalization

A

part of Classical Conditioning — broadening effect by which a stimulus similar enough to the conditioned stimulus is enough to produce conditioned response.

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7
Q

Discrimination

A

part of Classical Conditioning — organism learns to distinguish b/t 2 similar stimuli.

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8
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

links voluntary behavior with consequences to alter frequency of behaviors.

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9
Q

Reinforcement

A

part of Operant Conditioning — increases likelihood of behavior.

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10
Q

Punishment

A

part of Operant Conditioning — decreases likelihood of behavior.

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11
Q

Negative Reinforcement

A

part of Operant Conditioning — removal of bad stimulus to encourage a behavior (e.g. taking aspirin for a headache)

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12
Q

Positive Punishment

A

part of Operant Conditioning — addition of a bad consequence to reduce a behavior (e.g. thieves get arrested for stealing.)

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13
Q

Positive Reinforcement

A

part of Operant Conditioning — addition of a good consequence following the desired behavior (e.g. being paid $$ to work)

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14
Q

Negative Punishment

A

part of Operant Conditioning — reduction of a behavior when stimulus is removed (e.g. getting grounded from watching TV for misbehavior).

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15
Q

Escape Learning

A

part of Negative Reinforcement —> reduce the unpleasantness of something that already exists (e.g. taking aspirin for headache)

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16
Q

Avoidance Learning

A

part of Negative Reinforcement —> prevent the unpleasantness of something that has yet to happen (e.g. studying for the MCAT to avoid bad score).

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17
Q

Fixed-Ratio (FR) Schedules

A

reinforce a behavior after a specific number of behavior.

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18
Q

Continuous Reinforcement

A

FR schedule in which behavior is rewarded each time.

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19
Q

Variable-Ratio (VR) Schedules

A

best results; reinforce behavior after varying # of behavior, average remains relatively constant.

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20
Q

Fixed-Interval (FI) Schedule

A

reinforce first instance of behavior after specific period of time.

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21
Q

Variable-Interval (VI) Schedule

A

reinforce first instance of behavior after varying amount of time.

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22
Q

Shaping

A

associated with operant conditioning —> process of rewarding increasingly specific behaviors.

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23
Q

Latent Learning

A

learning that occurs without a reward but is spontaneously demonstrated once a reward is introduced.

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24
Q

Preparedness

A

animals’ predisposition to behaviors that coincide with natural behaviors.

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25
Q

Instinctive Drift

A

difficulty in overcoming instinctual behaviors.

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26
Q

Observational Learning

A

process of learning a new behavior or gaining info by watching others.

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27
Q

Mirror Neurons

A

important for observational learning, fire both when an individual performs and action and when that individual observes someone else performing that action.

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28
Q

Modeling

A

*role models, observational learning via modeling important for determining an individual’s behavior throughout his lifetime.

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29
Q

Memory Formation

A

encoding —> storage —> retrieval

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30
Q

Encoding

A

process of putting new info into memory.

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31
Q

Automatic Processing

A

encoding: info is gained without effort.

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32
Q

Controlled (Effortful) Processing

A

encoding: active memorization.

33
Q

Visual Encoding

A

visualizing info.

34
Q

Acoustic Encoding

A

store it the way it sounds.

35
Q

Semantic Encoding

A

put info into a meaningful context, the more vivid the better.

36
Q

Self-Reference Effect

A

phenomenon in which we recall info best if we put it in context of our own lives.

37
Q

Maintenance Rehearsal

A

repetition of a piece of info to either keep it in working memory or store it in short-term and eventually long-term memory.

38
Q

The Method of Loci

A

mnemonic; associating each item in the list with a location along a route through an already memorized building. (e.g. grocery shopping).

39
Q

Peg Word

A

mnemonic; associating numbers with items that rhyme/resemble the numbers.

40
Q

Chunking / Clustering

A

mnemonic; taking individual elements of a large list and grouping them together into groups of elements with related meaning.

41
Q

Sensory Memory

A

iconic (visual) + echoic (audio) memory; most fleeting, based on neurotransmitter activity.

42
Q

Whole Report

A

participant is asked to recall all the letters she saw.

43
Q

Partial Report

A

participant is asked to list the letters of a particular row immediately after presentation of stimulus.

44
Q

Short-Term Memory

A

fakes quickly, usually limited in capacity due to 7±2 rule.

45
Q

Working Memory

A

integrates short term memory, attention, and executive function to manipulate info.

46
Q

Long-Term Memory

A

requires elaborative rehearsal, is result of increased neural connectivity.

47
Q

Implicit (nondeclarative, procedural) Memory

A

long-term memory that consists of our skills and conditioned responses.

48
Q

Explicit (declarative) Memory

A

long-term memory that consists of memories that require conscious recall.

49
Q

Semantic Memory

A

explicit memory consisting of facts that we know.

50
Q

Episodic Memory

A

explicit memory consisting of experiences/events.

51
Q

Retrieval

A

process of demonstrating that something learned has been retained.

52
Q

Recall

A

retrieval and statement of previously learned information

53
Q

Recognition

A

process of merely identifying a piece of information that was previously learned.

54
Q

Relearning

A

another way of demonstrating info has been stored in long-term memory; can re-memorize things more quickly.

55
Q

Spacing Effect

A

the longer the time b/t sessions of relearning, the greater the retention. (e.g. cramming is bad)

56
Q

Semantic Network

A

brain organizes ideas so that concepts are linked together based on similar meaning.

57
Q

Spreading Activation

A

when one node of semantic network is activated, other linked concepts around it are also unconsciously activated.

58
Q

Priming

A

recall is aided by first being presented with a word or phrase that is close to the desired semantic memory.

59
Q

Context Effect

A

memory is aided by being in the physical location where encoding took place.

60
Q

State-Dependent Memory

A

mental state affects recall.

61
Q

Serial Position Effect

A

retrieval cue that occurs when learning lists —> primacy and recency effects.

62
Q

Primacy Effect

A

tendency to remember early items in a list.

63
Q

Recency Effect

A

tendency to remember late items in a list.

64
Q

Dementia

A

loss of cognitive function.

65
Q

Sundowning

A

increase in dysfunction in late afternoon/evenings.

66
Q

Retrograde Amnesia

A

loss of previously formed memories

67
Q

Anterograde Amnesia

A

inability to form new memories

68
Q

Confabulation

A

process of creating vivid but fabricated memories, typically thought of as attempt by brain to fill in gaps of missing memory.

69
Q

Agnosia

A

brain disorder - loss of ability to recognize objects/people/sounds (usually only 1 of the 3). Usually caused by physical damage to brain (e.g. stroke)

70
Q

Alzheimer’s Disease

A

brain disorder - degenerative brain disorder thought to be linked to loss of acetylcholine in neurons linked to hippocampus.

Tends to proceed in retrograde fashion, marked by dementia and sundowning.

71
Q

Korsakoff’s Syndrome

A

brain disorder - form of memory loss caused by thiamine deficiency in the brain.

Marked by retrograde AND anterograde amnesia and confabulation.

72
Q

Curve of Forgetting

A

recall falls sharply in the first few days but levels off.

73
Q

Interference

A

retrieval error caused by existence of other (usually similar) information.

74
Q

Proactive Interference

A

old information interferes w/ new learning.

75
Q

Retroactive Information

A

new information interferes w/ old information.

76
Q

Prospective Memory

A

remembering to perform a task at some point in the future, remains mostly intact when it’s event-based. Time-based prospective memory tends to declines with age.

77
Q

Misinformation Effect

A

leading questions can change how you remember an event.

78
Q

Source-Monitoring Error

A

confusion b/t semantic and episodic, recalls the details but forgets the source.

MCAT - Behavioral Sciences (12 decks)

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