01 Biology and Behavior

Question 1

Sensory/Afferent Neurons

Answer 1

transmit sensory info from receptors to brain — Afferent = Ascend to brain

Question 2

Motor/Efferent Neurons

Answer 2

transmit motor info from brain to muscles/glands — Efferent = Exit brain

Question 3

Interneurons

Answer 3

most numerous, found b/t other neurons, often linked to reflexive behavior.

Question 4

Reflex Arcs

Answer 4

uses interneurons in spinal cord to relay info to source while simultaneously routing it to the brain.

Question 5

Central Nervous System (CNS)

Answer 5

brain + spinal cord

Question 6

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Answer 6

nerve tissue + fibers outside the brain/spinal cord

Question 7

Somatic Nervous System

Answer 7

part of PNS, VOLUNTARY, sensory + motor neurons

Question 8

Autonomic Nervous System

Answer 8

part of PNS, INVOLUNTARY, automatic.

Question 9

Sympathetic Nervous System

Answer 9

part of autonomic nervous system, activated by stress, fight or flight.

Question 10

Parasympathetic Nervous System

Answer 10

part of autonomic nervous system, main role = conserve energy. **acetylcholine.

Question 11

Acetylcholine

Answer 11

neurotransmitter; PNS, voluntary muscle control, attention, alertness.

Question 12

Epinephrine / Norepinephrine

Answer 12

neurotransmitter; adrenaline/noradrenaline; fight or flight, wakefulness, alertness. Epinephrine more like hormone, norepinephrine locally like neurotransmitter.

Question 13

Dopamine

Answer 13

neurotransmitter; smooth movements, postural stability.

Question 14

Serotonin

Answer 14

neurotransmitter; mood, sleep, eating, dreaming.

Question 15

GABA / Glycine

Answer 15

neurotransmitter; brain stabilization, hyperpolarize the postsynaptic membrane. CNS, inhibitory.

Question 16

Glutamate

Answer 16

neurotransmitter; brain excitation, CNS, excitatory.

Question 17

Endorphins

Answer 17

neurotransmitter; natural painkillers

Question 18

Neurotransmitter vs. Hormones

Answer 18

neurotransmitters = fast, local. Hormones = slow, travel via bloodstream to distant organs.

Question 19

Pituitary Gland

Answer 19

“master gland” - 2 parts: anterior + posterior.

Question 20

Anterior Pituitary Gland

Answer 20

“master”, releases hormones that regulate activity of endocrine glands.

Question 21

Adrenal Gland

Answer 21

adrenal medulla + adrenal cortex.

Question 22

Adrenal Medulla

Answer 22

secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine

Question 23

Adrenal Cortex

Answer 23

secretes corticosteroids + sex hormones (testosterone, estrogen).

Question 24

Gonads

Answer 24

sex glands, produces sex hormones in greater conc.

Question 25

Innate Behavior

Answer 25

genetically programmed as a result of evolution, seen in all individuals regardless of environment or experience.

Question 26

Learned Behavior

Answer 26

not based on heredity; based on experience and environment.

Question 27

Adaptive Value

Answer 27

extent to which a trait or behavior positively benefits a species by influencing the evolutionary fitness.

Question 28

Concordance Rates

Answer 28

likelihood that both twins exhibit the same trait.