#03

Question 1

stimulus-bound behaviors

Answer 1

That is, the jellyfish
can’t generate the response internally. It is dependent on a sensory cue triggering the
reflex. The simplest true nervous system

Question 2

cephalization

Answer 2

Cephalization is the evolutionary result of adding layers of nervous tissue over reflex pathways of ancient origin.

Question 3

6 major divisions of CNS

Answer 3

1- Telencephalon (cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, amygdala, and hippocampus)
2- Diencephalon (thalamus and hypothalamus)
3- Midbrain (mesencephalon)
4- Pons and Cerebellum (metencephalon)
5- Medulla(myelencephalon)
6- Spinal cord

Question 4

a<- ->b

Answer 4

a: rostral
b: caudal

Question 5

• In the spinal cord, medulla, pons and midbrain, the white matter is mostly on the
  a.
• In the cerebral cortex, cerebellum and diencephalon, the white matter is mostly on the
  b

Answer 5

a: outside
b: interior

Question 6

Within gray matter, neurons are arranged in three basic ways

Answer 6

a. In high-density clusters termed nuclei
b. in layers termed ‘laminae’
c. In loose, low-density arrangements

Question 7

“fasciculus” or “funiculus”

Answer 7

An anatomically distinct and rounded bundle of white matter

Question 8

“lemniscus

Answer 8

A crescent- or ribbon-shaped white matter bundle

Question 9

“decussation”

Answer 9

a white matter fiber bundle as crossed the midline as it ascends or descends and now travels on the opposite side of the CNS

Question 10

peduncle

Answer 10

is a short, thick bundle of white matter, carrying
large numbes of axons

Question 11

3 types of neuronal systems

Answer 11

1. Information-rich systems: contain real-world information and include all sensory systems and major parts of the motor system; characterized by spatial organization of information in gray and white matter structures: somatotopy, retinotopy (visual), tonotopy (auditory), myotopy (motor); hypothalamus receives internal
   information
2. Regulatory systems: these diffuse systems do not carry real world information but influence the signal-to-noise ratio in sensory and motor systems; involved in attention, consciousness; many are characterized by a monoamine neurotransmitter (dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine) and the widespread dispersion of axons of
   single cells.
3. Command systems: mostly on the “output” side of the CNS, involved in switching on hard-wired circuits (such as for walking)