02H1 - Early Languages Flashcards
What are the six (6) early languages?
- Plankalkul
- Pseudocodes
- IBM 704 and Fortran
- COBOL
- LISP
- Prolog
It means program calculus
Plankalkul
It was developed by Konrad Zuse
Plankalkul
Includes mathematical expressions showing the relationships between program variables
Plankalkul
Have their own interpretative system for execution
Pseudocodes
Were implemented through compiling routines
Pseudocodes
What are the three (3) notable pseudocodes?
- Short Code
- Speedcoding
- The UNIVAC “Compiling” System
The capabilities of IBM 704 prompted the development of …
Fortran
The Fortran was derived from …
Formula Translation
… is a general-purpose imperative programming language created for numeric computation and scientific computing
Fortran
Computers had small memories and were slow and relatively unreliable
Fortran
The primary use of computers was for scientific computations
Fortran
There were no existing efficient and effective way to program computers
Fortran
Because of the high cost of computers compared to the cost of programmers, the speed of the generated object code was the primary goal of the first …
Fortran compilers
COBOL stands for
Common Business Oriented Language
COBOL was developed by?
CODASYL Committee
What year was COBOL was developed?
1960
What is the full meaning of CODASYL
Conference on Data System Languages
It is not designed for writing systems programs
COBOL
Designed for developing business, typically file-oriented applications
COBOL
What are the three characteristics of COBOL?
Self-documenting, Non-proprietary, Maintainable
Stands for List Processor
LISP
It was developed by John McCarthy in the 1950s
LISP
First functional programming language that was intended to provide language features for list processing
LISP
Used in applications for artificial intelligence
LISP
2 Dialects of LISP
- Scheme
- Common LISP
What are the two types of Data Structures in LISP?
- Atoms
- Lists
similar to identifiers, but can also be numeric constants
Atoms
can be lists of atoms, lists, or any combination of the two
Lists
All computations are performed by applying functions to arguments
Functional Programming Style
Uniform Representation of Data and Code
LISP
Reliance on Recursion
LISP
Garbage Collection
LISP
Emerged in the mid-1970s. Invented by Guy Lewis Steele Jr. and Gerald Jay Sussman
Scheme
Characterized by its small size, its treatments of functions as first-class entities, and its exclusive use of static scoping
Scheme
A convention used with many programming languages that se the scope (range of functionality) of a variable so that it may only be referenced from within the block of code in which it is defined
Static Scoping
What are the other term for Static Scoping?
Lexical Scoping
Developed in the early 1980s
Common LISP
Designed by combining the features of several dialects of LISP
Common LISP
Allows both static scoping and dynamic scoping
Common LISP
creates variables that can be called from outside the block of code in which they are defined
Dynamic Scoping
Derived from Programming Logic
Prolog
Designed by Alain Colmerauer, Phillippe Roussel, and Robert Cowalski in the early 1970s
Prolog
… programs consists of collections of statements
Prolog
Prolog programs consist of …
collections of statements
A method for specifying predicate calculus propositions
Prolog
An implementation of a restricted form of resolution
Prolog
