02c: Embryology Flashcards
List the stages of lung development.
- Embryonic
- Pseudoglandular
- Cannicular
- Terminal sac (saccular)
- Alveolar
Describe embryonic stage of lung development.
Respiratory diverticulum forms
Describe pseudoglandular stage of lung development.
Branching to form terminal bronchioles
Describe canalicular stage of lung development.
Respiratory bronchioles form
Describe saccular (terminal sac) stage of lung development.
Capillary-epithelium interface matures
Describe alveolar stage of lung development.
Increase in respiratory bronchioles and alveoli
There’s an intense in-growth of blood vessels in (X) stage of respiratory system development.
X = Cannicular
In (X) stage of respiratory system development, histological structure of the lung resembles a gland.
X = Pseudoglandular
(Ventral/dorsal) (X) forms respiratory diverticulum.
X = ventral foregut endoderm
Respiratory system development of vascular network from (X) tissue.
X = splanchnic mesoderm
Tracheoesophageal septum develops and divides:
Trachea and lung buds from esophagus
Respiratory system of fetus stops developing at week 7. (X) stage has halted. Does this fetus have terminal or respiratory bronchioles?
X = pseudoglandular;
No, has neither
Primordial capillary airspace interface develops in (X) stage of respiratory system development.
X = Cannicular
Toward end of (X) resp development stage, each (Y) bronchiole has given rise to at least two respiratory bronchioles.
X = Cannicular Y = terminal bronchiole
T/F: Fetuses born during pseudoglandular period of lung development are unable to survive.
True
T/F: Fetuses born during cannicular period of lung development are unable to survive.
False - can survive with intensive care
(X) resp development stage: formation of secondary crests, which are (Y) that subdivide into (Z).
X = saccular Y = ridges of epithelial lined mesenchyme Z = saccules (small sacs/pouches)
In later stages of resp development, specifically (X) stage, interstitial tissue (thickens/thins).
X = saccular;
Thins
(X) resp development stage: increase in elastic network around airways and between airspaces.
X = saccular
T/F: Interstitial mesenchyme continues to thin postnatally.
True
Growth of the lung continues for (X) after birth is, primarily consisting of increase in (Y).
X = 8-10 years Y = number of respiratory bronchioles and alveoli
Lung maturation is associated with which 4 things?
- Saccule develop to alveoli
- Surfactant production
- Alveolar wall thins
- Capillary bed expansion
Measurable amount of surfactant during (X) weeks of resp development.
X = 24-28
T/F: In Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome, infant almost always preterm.
True
Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome: (X) results in a cascade of events that causes (Y) membranes to develop and line alveoli.
X = increase in work of breathing Y = hyaline
(X) is the most common congenital lesion of the lung. What’s the result?
X = pulmonary hypoplasia
Decrease in size and weight of lung
T/F: Few cases of pulmonary hypoplasia are secondary to conditions that limit fetal lung growth. Most cases are primarily PH.
False - most are secondary
Three major factors may lead to pulmonary hypoplasia. List them.
- Congenital diaphragmatic hernia
- Oligohydramnios
- Decreased respiration during fetal period
(X) is the most common malformation of the diaphragm, most frequently caused by failure of (Y) membranes to (Z).
X = Congenital diaphragmatic hernia Y = pleuroperitoneal Z = close pericardioperitoneal canals
In Congenital diaphragmatic hernia, the (X) cavities are continuous along (anterior/posterior) wall.
X = peritoneal and pleural
Posterior
Oligohydramnios is usually to do (X) anomalies. Amniotic fluid is (reduced/in excess).
X = urinary
Reduced (swallowed, but not excreted)
