01: Histology Flashcards by Nuna H

(X) structures in nasal cavity add to surface area as well as altering inhaled air in which ways?

X = conchae

Humidify and warm inhaled air

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Most of nasal cavity is lined by (X) cell type. Certain areas with thicker lining is (Y) cell type.

X = respiratory (pseudostratified ciliated epithelium)
Y = olfactory (sensory) epithelium

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(X) in (Y) layer of nasal conchae responsible for warming inhaled air.

X = extensive venous plexus (swell bodies)
Y = lamina propria

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Three main layers of trachea and the structures you’d find in each.

Mucosa (epithelium and lamina propria)
Submucosa (glands)
Adventitia (cartilage)

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In trachea, you’d find muscularis mucosae between (X) layers. And an elastic lamina between (Y) layers.

NO muscularis mucosae

Y = lamina propria and submucosa

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List the 5 main cell types found in trachea epithelium. Star the ones in contact with basement membrane. Double star the most common layer.

Ciliated columnar(*)(**)
Mucous/goblet cell*
Brush cell*
Basal cell*
Neuroendocrine cell*

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(X) cells in trachea epithelium are recognizable by (Y) granules in (apical/basal) region.

X = mucous (“goblet”)
Y = mucinogen
Apical

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(X) cells in trachea epithelium are recognizable relatively short (Y) on (apical/basal) region. These are considered (Z) cells.

X = brush
Y = microvilli
Apical;
Z = sensory

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(X) is the stem cell that gives rise to all cells populating trachea epithelium.

X = basal

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The trachea and (X) walls have similar organization/histology, but are distinguishable from each other by (Y).

X = intrapulmonary bronchus
Y = disposition of cartilage and smooth muscle

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Bronchioles are missing the (X) structures found in bronchi.

X = cartilage and seromucous glands

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There is a (sudden/gradual) transition to (ciliated/non-ciliated) (X) cells in the luminal epithelium of bronchioles.

Gradual;
non-ciliated
X = club (simple columnar, then simple cuboidal)

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The upper respiratory airways/tracts go from (X) to (Y).

X = nasal cavity
Y = vocal folds/larynx

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The lower respiratory airways/tracts go from (X) to (Y).

X = trachea
Y = alveoli

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Parietal pleura embryological origin from (X) tissue type. and Visceral pleura from (Y) type.

X = somatic mesoderm
Y = splanchnic mesoderm

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The respiratory system can be divided functionally into which portions?

Conducting and respiratory portions

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T/F: The entire conducting portion of respiratory system is outside lung.

False - part inside lung

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List structures part of conducting portion of respiratory system. Star the structures outside lungs.

Nasal cavities to extrapulmonary bronchi*
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Terminal bronchioles

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T/F: The conducting portion of respiratory system has varying levels of wall thickness.

True

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Conducting portion of respiratory system functions.

Conduct air

2. Condition (filter, heat, humidify) air

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List structures part of respiratory portion of respiratory system.

Respiratory bronchioles
Alveolar ducts
Alveolar sacs (made of alveoli)

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Considering the function of the (X) circulation in lungs, it’s understandable that (Y) vessels, carrying (oxygenated/deoxygenated) blood travel in parallel with entire respiratory tree.

X = pulmonary;
Y = pulmonary arteries

Deoxygenated

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T/F: Like most systemic vessels, pulmonary veins in lungs travel with pulmonary arteries.

False - travel apart from airways until reaching hilum

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Throughout most of the lung, the pulmonary (a/v) travel apart from airways, in (X) tissue.

veins;

X = CT septa (Between lobules)

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Bronchial arteries in lung travel in (X) structures. And bronchial veins in (Y) structures.

X = Y = walls of bronchi and larger bronchioles

Function of mucous cell in trachea is to:

secrete blanket of mucus onto surface of ciliated epithelium (traps inhaled dust/particles)

Which two characteristics are particularly noteworthy in lamina propria of trachea?

1. Thick basement membrane | 2. BALT (aggregates of lymphocytes)

Elastic fibers in respiratory system (increase/decrease) more distally. The ratio of these fibers to (X) is crucial to health/integrity of lung.

Increase; | X = collagen

(X) is characterized by irreversible enlargement of airspaces in lung due to enzymatic degradation of (Y).

``` X = emphysema Y = elastin ```

Emphysema: destruction of walls occurs (proximal/distal) to (X) structures of respiratory system.

Distal; | X = terminal bronchioles

Merocrine secretion: product released in/on (X).

In | X = membrane-bound vesicles

Mucous cells have (X) granules filled with (Y), which are (hydrophobic/hydrophilic) (Z).

X = mucinogen Y = mucins Hydrophilic Z = glycoproteins

Mucus is essentially just (hydrated/dehydrated) (X) proteins.

Hydrated; | X = mucin

(Mucus/sputum) is only one component of (mucus/sputum).

Mucus; sputum

Aside from mucous cells, (X) cells of respiratory system produce (Y) secretion.

``` X = serous Y = nonglycosylated protein ```

Tracheal epithelium: the (serous/mucus) (X) fluid is produced by the ciliated cells and lies (under/on top) of mucous cell product. What is this (X) fluid composed of?

Serous; X = periciliary Under Water and electrolytes

Tracheal epithelium: cilia beat (randomly/in sync) to move (X) fluid toward (Y).

In sync; Mucus and serous Y = oral cavity

T/F: In trachea, brush cells are distinguishable because they have no apical protrusions.

False - no cilia, but they have microvilli

Tracheal epithelium: (X) are thought to be receptor cells due to their synaptic contact with (Y) on (apical/basal) surface.

X = brush; Y = afferent nerve ending Basal

(X) is the stem cell in tracheal epithelium.

X = basal cell

Metaplasia in human respiratory system includes (X) tissue changing to (Y) tissue. What would cause this (irreversible/reversible) change?

``` X = pseudostratified ciliated epithelium Y = stratified squamous (non-keratinized) epithelium ``` Reversible; exposure to irritant (smoking)

Metaplasia of human respiratory system causes issues with which function(s)? How would an individual compensate for this lack of function?

Removal of mucus (no cilia on strat. squamous epithelium); Excessive coughing to clear mucus secretion buildup

A result of metaplasia of human respiratory system is marked (increase/decrease) in size of mucus secreting glands in (X) tissue layer.

Increase; | X = submucosa

Functions of club cells in respiratory system.

1. Detoxify harmful compounds 2. Secrete lipoprotein (prevents luminal adhesion) 3. Mitotically active stem cells

T/F: Club cells are expected to have secretory granules in cytoplasm.

True

First region of respiratory system where gas exchange occurs.

Respiratory bronchioles

One is able to tell apart respiratory and terminal bronchioles due to which difference in walls?

Respiratory bronchiole wall is interrupted with alveoli

T/F: There is no smooth muscle or elastic/collagen fibers in alveoli.

False - no smooth muscle, but elastic and collagen fibers present as the only support for alveoli

Most, (X)% of alveolus surface area is occupied by (Y) cell. The primary function is (Z).

``` X = 95; Y = Type I pneumocyte Z = provide optimal barrier (of minimal thickness) for gas exchange ```

Type I pneumocytes are linked by (X).

X = tight junctions

Type II pneumocytes occupy (X)% of alveolus surface area. They have (squamous/round/columnar) shape.

X = 5 (typically in the "corners"); | Round

Primary functions of Type II pneumocytes:

1. Stem cell role (mitosis) | 2. Produce surfactant continuously

Type (I/II) pneumocytes have (X) granules in (apical/basal) cytoplasm.

II; X = lamellar (bodies) Apical

The interalveolar septum has which portions/regions? Star the one that's the site of air-blood barrier.

Thick and thin* regions

Which type of CT would you find in the thin portion of interalveolar septum?

NONE

Which type of cells/fibers would you expect to find in thick portion of interalveolar septum?

1. Collagen/elastin 2. Capillaries and lymph vessels 3. Fibroblasts 4. Mast cells and macrophages

The blood-air barrier has which four components?

1. Surfactant layer 2. Type I pneumocyte cytoplasm 3. Fused basement membranes (alveolar cell and endothelial cell) 4. Endothelial cell

Type (I/II) pneumocytes have occluding junctions. Type (I/II) pneumocytes have desmosomes.

Both have both

What are the functions of the alveolar pores?

1. Equalize P in alveoli 2. Enable collateral ventilation 3. Allow macrophage migration

List the three defense mechanisms present at different levels of the respiratory system.

1. Nose/trachea 2. Mucociliary escalator 3. Alveolar macrophages (dust cells)

T/F: Alveolar macrophages cannot travel more distal than alveolar ducts.

False - some pass up bronchial tree in mucus to reach pharynx

T/F: Dust cells (macrophages) function in both CT and airspaces of alveoli.

True

T/F: Type I pneumocyte is more abundant.

False - Type II is, but Type I covers more area