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01: Histology Flashcards

1
Q

(X) structures in nasal cavity add to surface area as well as altering inhaled air in which ways?

A

X = conchae

Humidify and warm inhaled air

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2
Q

Most of nasal cavity is lined by (X) cell type. Certain areas with thicker lining is (Y) cell type.

A 
X = respiratory (pseudostratified ciliated epithelium)
Y = olfactory (sensory) epithelium
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3
Q

(X) in (Y) layer of nasal conchae responsible for warming inhaled air.

A 
X = extensive venous plexus (swell bodies)
Y = lamina propria
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4
Q

Three main layers of trachea and the structures you’d find in each.

A
  1. Mucosa (epithelium and lamina propria)
  2. Submucosa (glands)
  3. Adventitia (cartilage)
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5
Q

In trachea, you’d find muscularis mucosae between (X) layers. And an elastic lamina between (Y) layers.

A

NO muscularis mucosae

Y = lamina propria and submucosa

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6
Q

List the 5 main cell types found in trachea epithelium. Star the ones in contact with basement membrane. Double star the most common layer.

A
  1. Ciliated columnar(*)(**)
  2. Mucous/goblet cell*
  3. Brush cell*
  4. Basal cell*
  5. Neuroendocrine cell*
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7
Q

(X) cells in trachea epithelium are recognizable by (Y) granules in (apical/basal) region.

A

X = mucous (“goblet”)
Y = mucinogen
Apical

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8
Q

(X) cells in trachea epithelium are recognizable relatively short (Y) on (apical/basal) region. These are considered (Z) cells.

A

X = brush
Y = microvilli
Apical;
Z = sensory

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9
Q

(X) is the stem cell that gives rise to all cells populating trachea epithelium.

A

X = basal

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10
Q

The trachea and (X) walls have similar organization/histology, but are distinguishable from each other by (Y).

A 
X = intrapulmonary bronchus
Y = disposition of cartilage and smooth muscle
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11
Q

Bronchioles are missing the (X) structures found in bronchi.

A

X = cartilage and seromucous glands

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12
Q

There is a (sudden/gradual) transition to (ciliated/non-ciliated) (X) cells in the luminal epithelium of bronchioles.

A

Gradual;
non-ciliated
X = club (simple columnar, then simple cuboidal)

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13
Q

The upper respiratory airways/tracts go from (X) to (Y).

A 
X = nasal cavity
Y = vocal folds/larynx
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14
Q

The lower respiratory airways/tracts go from (X) to (Y).

A 
X = trachea
Y = alveoli
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15
Q

Parietal pleura embryological origin from (X) tissue type. and Visceral pleura from (Y) type.

A 
X = somatic mesoderm
Y = splanchnic mesoderm
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16
Q

The respiratory system can be divided functionally into which portions?

A

Conducting and respiratory portions

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17
Q

T/F: The entire conducting portion of respiratory system is outside lung.

A

False - part inside lung

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18
Q

List structures part of conducting portion of respiratory system. Star the structures outside lungs.

A
  1. Nasal cavities to extrapulmonary bronchi*
  2. Bronchi
  3. Bronchioles
  4. Terminal bronchioles
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19
Q

T/F: The conducting portion of respiratory system has varying levels of wall thickness.

A

True

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20
Q

Conducting portion of respiratory system functions.

A
  1. Conduct air

2. Condition (filter, heat, humidify) air

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21
Q

List structures part of respiratory portion of respiratory system.

A
  1. Respiratory bronchioles
  2. Alveolar ducts
  3. Alveolar sacs (made of alveoli)
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22
Q

Considering the function of the (X) circulation in lungs, it’s understandable that (Y) vessels, carrying (oxygenated/deoxygenated) blood travel in parallel with entire respiratory tree.

A 
X = pulmonary;
Y = pulmonary arteries

Deoxygenated

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23
Q

T/F: Like most systemic vessels, pulmonary veins in lungs travel with pulmonary arteries.

A

False - travel apart from airways until reaching hilum

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24
Q

Throughout most of the lung, the pulmonary (a/v) travel apart from airways, in (X) tissue.

A

veins;

X = CT septa (Between lobules)

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25
Q

Bronchial arteries in lung travel in (X) structures. And bronchial veins in (Y) structures.

A

X = Y = walls of bronchi and larger bronchioles

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26
Q

Function of mucous cell in trachea is to:

A

secrete blanket of mucus onto surface of ciliated epithelium (traps inhaled dust/particles)

27
Q

Which two characteristics are particularly noteworthy in lamina propria of trachea?

A
  1. Thick basement membrane

2. BALT (aggregates of lymphocytes)

28
Q

Elastic fibers in respiratory system (increase/decrease) more distally. The ratio of these fibers to (X) is crucial to health/integrity of lung.

A

Increase;

X = collagen

29
Q

(X) is characterized by irreversible enlargement of airspaces in lung due to enzymatic degradation of (Y).

A 
X = emphysema
Y = elastin
30
Q

Emphysema: destruction of walls occurs (proximal/distal) to (X) structures of respiratory system.

A

Distal;

X = terminal bronchioles

31
Q

Merocrine secretion: product released in/on (X).

A

In

X = membrane-bound vesicles

32
Q

Mucous cells have (X) granules filled with (Y), which are (hydrophobic/hydrophilic) (Z).

A

X = mucinogen
Y = mucins
Hydrophilic
Z = glycoproteins

33
Q

Mucus is essentially just (hydrated/dehydrated) (X) proteins.

A

Hydrated;

X = mucin

34
Q

(Mucus/sputum) is only one component of (mucus/sputum).

A

Mucus; sputum

35
Q

Aside from mucous cells, (X) cells of respiratory system produce (Y) secretion.

A 
X = serous
Y = nonglycosylated protein
36
Q

Tracheal epithelium: the (serous/mucus) (X) fluid is produced by the ciliated cells and lies (under/on top) of mucous cell product. What is this (X) fluid composed of?

A

Serous;
X = periciliary
Under

Water and electrolytes

37
Q

Tracheal epithelium: cilia beat (randomly/in sync) to move (X) fluid toward (Y).

A

In sync;
Mucus and serous
Y = oral cavity

38
Q

T/F: In trachea, brush cells are distinguishable because they have no apical protrusions.

A

False - no cilia, but they have microvilli

39
Q

Tracheal epithelium: (X) are thought to be receptor cells due to their synaptic contact with (Y) on (apical/basal) surface.

A

X = brush;
Y = afferent nerve ending
Basal

40
Q

(X) is the stem cell in tracheal epithelium.

A

X = basal cell

41
Q

Metaplasia in human respiratory system includes (X) tissue changing to (Y) tissue. What would cause this (irreversible/reversible) change?

A 
X = pseudostratified ciliated epithelium
Y = stratified squamous (non-keratinized) epithelium

Reversible; exposure to irritant (smoking)

42
Q

Metaplasia of human respiratory system causes issues with which function(s)? How would an individual compensate for this lack of function?

A

Removal of mucus (no cilia on strat. squamous epithelium);

Excessive coughing to clear mucus secretion buildup

43
Q

A result of metaplasia of human respiratory system is marked (increase/decrease) in size of mucus secreting glands in (X) tissue layer.

A

Increase;

X = submucosa

44
Q

Functions of club cells in respiratory system.

A
  1. Detoxify harmful compounds
  2. Secrete lipoprotein (prevents luminal adhesion)
  3. Mitotically active stem cells
45
Q

T/F: Club cells are expected to have secretory granules in cytoplasm.

46
Q

First region of respiratory system where gas exchange occurs.

A

Respiratory bronchioles

47
Q

One is able to tell apart respiratory and terminal bronchioles due to which difference in walls?

A

Respiratory bronchiole wall is interrupted with alveoli

48
Q

T/F: There is no smooth muscle or elastic/collagen fibers in alveoli.

A

False - no smooth muscle, but elastic and collagen fibers present as the only support for alveoli

49
Q

Most, (X)% of alveolus surface area is occupied by (Y) cell. The primary function is (Z).

A 
X = 95;
Y = Type I pneumocyte
Z = provide optimal barrier (of minimal thickness) for gas exchange
50
Q

Type I pneumocytes are linked by (X).

A

X = tight junctions

51
Q

Type II pneumocytes occupy (X)% of alveolus surface area. They have (squamous/round/columnar) shape.

A

X = 5 (typically in the “corners”);

Round

52
Q

Primary functions of Type II pneumocytes:

A
  1. Stem cell role (mitosis)

2. Produce surfactant continuously

53
Q

Type (I/II) pneumocytes have (X) granules in (apical/basal) cytoplasm.

A

II;
X = lamellar (bodies)
Apical

54
Q

The interalveolar septum has which portions/regions? Star the one that’s the site of air-blood barrier.

A

Thick and thin* regions

55
Q

Which type of CT would you find in the thin portion of interalveolar septum?

56
Q

Which type of cells/fibers would you expect to find in thick portion of interalveolar septum?

A
  1. Collagen/elastin
  2. Capillaries and lymph vessels
  3. Fibroblasts
  4. Mast cells and macrophages
57
Q

The blood-air barrier has which four components?

A
  1. Surfactant layer
  2. Type I pneumocyte cytoplasm
  3. Fused basement membranes (alveolar cell and endothelial cell)
  4. Endothelial cell
58
Q

Type (I/II) pneumocytes have occluding junctions. Type (I/II) pneumocytes have desmosomes.

A

Both have both

59
Q

What are the functions of the alveolar pores?

A
  1. Equalize P in alveoli
  2. Enable collateral ventilation
  3. Allow macrophage migration
60
Q

List the three defense mechanisms present at different levels of the respiratory system.

A
  1. Nose/trachea
  2. Mucociliary escalator
  3. Alveolar macrophages (dust cells)
61
Q

T/F: Alveolar macrophages cannot travel more distal than alveolar ducts.

A

False - some pass up bronchial tree in mucus to reach pharynx

62
Q

T/F: Dust cells (macrophages) function in both CT and airspaces of alveoli.

63
Q

T/F: Type I pneumocyte is more abundant.

A

False - Type II is, but Type I covers more area

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