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Herbal Medicine > 02_History and Philosophy > Flashcards

02_History and Philosophy Flashcards

1
Q

What does Ayurveda mean?

A

The science of life

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2
Q

What is TCM?

A

an aggregate of systems and approaches dating back to Confucianism (~BCE550) and Taoism (~BCE400).

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3
Q

What does TCM entail?

A

holistic approach to life and health:
- complete diagnostic system
- acupuncture
- herbal medicine
- diet
- Tuina (pressure-point massage)

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4
Q

What does Ayurveda entail?

A

Complete system of health care and lifestyle medicine:
- herbal medicine
- mineral medicines
- diet
- exercise
- detoxification

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5
Q

Who was Asclepius?

A

A mythical character credited with miraculous healings who lived around BCE1250.

medicine was mixed with magic and superstition

gave rise to the Cult of Asclepius

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6
Q

What did the Greeks formalise in 450BCE?

A

A system of Four Elements (air, fire, water, earth)

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7
Q

Who was Empedocles?

A

Greek philosopher who founded the doctrine of Four Elements (Principles of Transformation): Air, Fire, Water, Earth, which was formalised in BCE 450 (100 years before the Yellow Emperor’s Classic was written)

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8
Q

How did the philosopher Aristotle contribute to ancient Greco-Roman Medicine?

A

He assigned the four primary qualities to each of the elements of Empedocles doctrine: dry, hot, moist, cold

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9
Q

Name a famous Aphorism by Hippocrates

A

Let food be thy medicine and medicine be thy food

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10
Q

What earned Hippocrates the title of ‘Father of Modern Medicine’?

A

His rational system of observation and categorisation, which took medicine out of the realm of religion, superstition and myth

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11
Q

What part of the Hippocratic Oath is famous for Doctors having to sign it?

A

First, do no harm

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12
Q

What was Hippocrates system of priorities?

A

1st reform Lifestyle (diet, exercise etc)
2nd use Herbs if needed
3rd only as a last resort use intervention (surgery, purging, blood letting, etc)

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13
Q

What did Hippocrates say about Nature?

A

Nature is the Physician of Man

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14
Q

Hippocrates was a major influence on which important pioneers and schools of medicine?

A
  • The Salerno School (Italy)
  • The Myddfai physicians (Wales)
  • Samuel Thomson (North America)
  • The Physiomedicalists (North America)
  • Nicholas Culpepper (England)
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15
Q

Who created the first definitive Western Materia Medica?

A

Pedanius Dioscorides

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16
Q

What was ‘De Materia Medica’?

A

first definitive Western Materia Medica by Pedanius Dioscorides
- described 600 herbs in detail
- became prototype model ‘herbal pharmacopoeia’

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17
Q

Who is famous for practising and further developing Hippocratic Medicine

A

Claudius Galenus (Galen)

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18
Q

Why was the fall of the Roman Empire important for medicine?

A

it left Galenic medicine unchallenged at the height of its influence, so theories and medicines alike transplanted into foreign soil and left to flourish as they could

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19
Q

Who introduced the use of Mercury for skin complaints?

A

Ar Razi (Rhazez) 869-925CE

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20
Q

What did Ibn Butlan (d1068CE) advocate?

A

clean air
moderate diet
balance in rest and work
emotional positivity
evacuation of superfluities

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21
Q

What is Ibn Sina (Avicenna 869-1037CE) known for?

A
  • He wrote Canon of Medicine
  • expanded Dioscorides’ work on materia medica by observation and experimentation
  • his academic approach was forerunner of the modern university-trained physician
  • was a follower of Galen and a respected physician by the age of 17
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22
Q

What did Avicenna (Ibn Sina) believe in?

A

Patients and plants are subject to the influences of Astrology

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23
Q

What was Myddfai?

A

an independent, rational school of medicine, developed in the 6th century CE that flourished for 1000 years

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24
Q

What was the centre of excellence in medicine in Mediaeval Europe?

A

There were 2: Myddfai and Salerno

25
Q

When were the ‘Bald’s Leechbook & The Lacnunga’ written?

A

10th Century

26
Q

Why are there little to no recordings of indigenous Medicine in the British Isles?

A

The symptom based Folk medicine was bound up with religion, superstition and magic, so it became associated with witchcraft in the 15th century and persecuted almost out of existence

27
Q

What is an Old English word for remedies?

A

Lacnunga

28
Q

What is The Lacnunga?

A

A collection of miscellaneous Anglo-Saxon medical texts and prayers

29
Q

What is the ‘Nine Herbs Charm of Odin’ and where can it be found?

A

A poem dedicated to the following herbs:
Mugwort
Betony
Lamb’s Cress
Plantain
Chamomile
Nettle
Crabapple
Thyme
Fennel

30
Q

What did surgeons use to treat syphilis?

A

Mercury

31
Q

Which plants were brought from searching the Orient and New World to treat syphilis?

A

Gum Guaiacum and Sarsaparilla

32
Q

Who drew up the ‘Quacks’ Charter’?

A

Henry VIII

33
Q

What was the purpose of the ‘Quacks’ Charter’?

A

to permit access to herbs for all for their own health as many couldn’t afford the services of the competing Physicians, Surgeons and Apothecaries

34
Q

Who authored ‘The Herball, or General Historie of Plantes’?

A

John Gerard 1545-1612

35
Q

What did Nicholas Culpeper (1616-1654) name himself?

A

The People’s Herbalist

36
Q

What is Culpeper known for?

A
  • emphasising local garden herbs for all instead of expensive imported remedies
  • translated medical texts into English
  • his book ‘The Compleat Herbal’ has never been out of print to this day
37
Q

What is the Doctrine of Signatures?

A

Developed by Paracelsus (1493-1541)
‘nature marks each growth….according to its curative benefit’
->Herbs resembling various parts of the body can be used by herbalists to treat ailments of those bodyparts
e.g. lungwort leaves look like the human lung, walnut like a brain

38
Q

What was Samuel Thomson’s simplicity of theory and what herbs did he mainly use?

A

3 basic disease states: hot, cold and wind (alternating hot and cold).
he advocated Cayenne and Lobelia (hot and cold) as a dynamic herbal polarity

39
Q

Who founded the Physiomedicalists and why?

A

Alvah Curtis. He was dissatisfied with the limitation of Thomson’s 3 disease states and believed there needed to be a greater degree of differentiation.

40
Q

What were the 2 classes of herbal actions defined by the Physiomedicalists?

A

Organ specific and action on the tissue state

41
Q

What does the Six Tissue States (J M Thurston 1900) describe?

A

extremes of pathological affects on human tissue

42
Q

What is considered the greatest influence on herbalism in the British Isles and Ireland up to the present day?

A

The Physiomedicalists

43
Q

Who founded the Eclectics?

A

Wooster Beech (1794-1868)

44
Q

What were the Eclectics trying to achieve?

A

a comprehensive inventory of pathologies matched to specific remedies:
sought to find single herbs with an exact fit to specific disease patterns (simpling)

45
Q

Who wrote ‘Professor King’s Dispensatory 1898?

A

the Eclectics John Uri Lloyd and Harvey Wickes Felter

46
Q

What did Rockefeller commission to subject ‘irregular’ schools to tough regulatory measures in order to impose newly decided standards?

A

The Flexnor Report (1910)

47
Q

What was established in America to standardise medicine and put Herbalists, Naturopaths and Homeopaths out of business?

A

The AMA (American Medical Association)

48
Q

Who coined the phrase ‘Allopathic medicine triumphs, exclusively white and male’

A

Griggs, 1997

49
Q

Who was Albert Isaac Coffin?

A

Student of Samuel Thomson who arrived in London in 1839, bringing Physiomedicalism with him. He founded the National Association of Medical Herbalists

50
Q

Who introduced the Eclectic tradition to the UK?

A

Dr. John Christopher on his visit in 1981

51
Q

NAME 3 INFLUENCES ON WESTERN HERBAL MEDICINE

A

for example:
AYURVEDA
TCM
HIPPOCRATES
GALEN
SALERNO
NORTH AMERICA
SCIENCE

52
Q

WHY IS HIPPOCRATES IMPORTANT

A

FATHER OF MEDICINE WHO FIRST CAME UP WITH A RATIONAL SYSTEM OF OBSERVATION AND CATEGORISATION, BRINGING MEDICINE OUT OF THE REALMS OF RELIGION, SUPERSTITION AND MYTH

53
Q

WHY WAS THE DECLINE OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE IMPORTANT IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF MEDICINE?

A

IT LEFT GALENIC MEDICINE AT THE HEIGHT OF ITS INFLUENCE AND THEORIES AND MEDICINES SPREAD TO FOREIGN SOILS AND LEFT TO FLOURISH

54
Q

WHAT WAS IMPORTANT ABOUT THE ITALIAN CITY OF SALERNO?

A

-LOCATION OF FAMOUS MEDICAL SCHOOL OF SALERNO WHICH TURNED OUT SEVERAL NOTABLE PHYSCIANS, FOR EXAMPLE AVICENNA

55
Q

WHAT IS MEANT BY THE ‘QUACKS’ CHARTER’?

A

LEGISLATION TO PERMIT ACCESS TO HERBS FOR ALL FOR THEIR OWN HEALTH CARE (after Henry VIII got fed up by squabbles of the Physicians, Surgeons and Apothecaries)

56
Q

WHAT IS THE ‘DOCTRINE OF SIGNATURES’?

A

HOW A PLANT SUGGESTS ITS MEDICINAL USES BY ITS PHYSICAL APPEARANCE

57
Q

WHO WAS SAMUEL THOMSON AND WHAT DID HE CONTRIBUTE TO WESTERN HERBAL MEDICINE?

A

AMERICAN PIG FARMER WHO WAS INTERESTED IN HIPPOCRATES AND STUDIED WITH NATIVE AMERICAN HEALERS. HE DEVELOPED HIS OWN MEDICAL SYSTEM, OUT OF WHICH THE ECLECTICS AND THE PHYSIOMEDICALISTS SPRANG

58
Q

WHY WAS ALBERT ISAAC COFFIN IMPORTANT TO UK HERBAL MEDICINE?

A

HE TOUGHT PHYSIOMEDICALISM UPON HIS ARRIVAL IN LONDON IN 1839
FOUNDED THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF MEDICAL HERBALISTS

Herbal Medicine (2 decks)

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