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020302 > 020302a Piles, FootGrade Beams > Flashcards

020302a Piles, FootGrade Beams Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the difference between building settlement and differential settlement.

A

Building settlement occurs when the whole building settles into the ground evenly.

Differential settlement occurs when sections of the building settle at different rates.

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2
Q

How is differential settlement controlled in buildings with large footprints?

A

These buildings are built as multiple adjoining buildings, with control joints between each independent section.

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3
Q

List the four common foundation configurations.

A
  1. T-Foundations
  2. Rectangular foundations
  3. L-foundations
    Battered foundations
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4
Q

Under what constructions must footing be provided?

A

Walls, pilasters, columns and piers

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5
Q

What will happen if the safe loadbearing capacity per square metre of the footing is exceeded?

A

The building will settle

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6
Q

According to the building code, what shall footings rest on?

A

Undisturbed soil, rock or compacted granular fill.

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7
Q

When a footing is required to bear on compacted fills, the full must be:

A

Tested and approved by a soul engineer.

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8
Q

Why are footings placed below the frost line?

A

To prevent the heaving of frozen ground from pushing up on the footing and causing structural damage.

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9
Q

In Alberta, ______ below ground is considered a suitable depth for footings to be unaffected by frost jacking?

A

1.2 m

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10
Q

Is transverse reinforcement required when the thickness of the footing is equal to or greater than the projection of the footing?

A

No

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11
Q

___________ footings will crack along a sheaf angle _____ if the projection is greater than the thickness of the footing.

A

Unreinforced

45 degrees

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12
Q

Why would a Mat foundation be used?

A

Casting a building area on soils with low bearing capabilities

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13
Q

What is the difference between building settlement and differential settlement of buildings?

A

All of building settling vs parts settling at different rates.

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14
Q

Why is hand-excavating a necessary part of step footing excavation?

A

Firm vertical steps must be obtained with minimum back slope in the soil.

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15
Q

What is the minimum thickness of the vertical portion of a step footing?

A

Equal to the depth of the strip footing.

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16
Q

How is bearing capacity of a screw pile determined?

A

Torque readings when pile is at depth.

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17
Q

What pile incorporates a tapered hole filled with concrete?

A

Tapered shaft caisson

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18
Q

How is decay prevented with timber piles?

A

Driven completely below the waterline

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19
Q

What is the name of piles that use both end-bearing and friction for support?

A

Combination piles.

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20
Q

How is a good bond between grade beams and piles achieved?

A

Tops of piles must be cleared of any contaminates.

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21
Q

Which wall forming system can be used for grade beams?

A

Any wall forming system

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22
Q

If a foundation is built on bedrock, footings may not be required and the foundation walls may be dowelled to the rock as per an engineer’s design. T or F

A

T

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23
Q

What is added to a footing to prevent it from cracking along the shear angle when the projection is greater than the thickness?

A

Transverse reinforcement

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24
Q

When are deep foundations used?

A

When heavy point loads need to be supported in areas that have poor soul characteristics or soil with low bearing capacities.

25
Q

How are deep foundations supported?

A

By piles of caissons.

26
Q

Large point loads in deep foundations are supported by either a number of piles placed close together with a single pile cap or one large diameter caisson. T or F

A

T

27
Q

Pile caps can be used to connect the structural steel and precast concrete members. T or F

A

T

28
Q

List the six types of footings?

A

Strip footings, pad footing, T-footings, step footings, combination footings and battered footings.

29
Q

Why are step footings used?

A

To make the transition between different strip footing elevations.

30
Q

What are the max. and min. rise and run of a step footing?

A

600 max vertical

600 min horizontal

31
Q

What should you consider when determining the length of a step footing horizontal measurement?

A

The modular length of the formwork material.

32
Q

What is a mat foundation?

A

A thick footing, equal to the size of the building, that is used when soil bearing capacities are low.

33
Q

What is the purpose of a pile cap?

A

A way of connecting the base of columns with the top of a pile.

34
Q

List 3 classifications of piles.

A
  1. Loadbearing
  2. Sheet
  3. Anchor
35
Q

What are some possible advantages of piles?

A
  1. They extend deep enough to pass through soft compressible soils into dense bearing soils.
  2. They resist ground movement due to volume changes of the surface soil by frost heaving, change in water content and settlement of soft soils.
  3. Less backfilling since no excavation below the frost line is required. Reducing settlement issues.
  4. Can be installed quicker and more cost effectively than spread type footings.
36
Q

List the three types of loadbearing piles?

A
  1. Friction
  2. End bearing
  3. Combination
37
Q

How do friction piles develop their load carrying capabilities?

A

Soil pressure pushing on the sides of the pile prevent the pile from settling so it can carry the loads applied to it.

38
Q

Drilled pile holes are created with what instruments?

A

Stem drills, continuous flight augers or high pressure jets of water.

39
Q

How is the bearing capacity or a drilled pile increased?

A

A belling tool is attached to a stem drill to enlarge the bottom area of the pile shaft.

40
Q

What is the name of piles that use both end bearing and friction to develop their carrying capacities?

A

Combination piles

41
Q

What three materials are used for piles?

A

Treated or untreated timbers, cast in place or precast concrete and
Steel H sections, pipe or sheets.

42
Q

When are composite piles used?

A

When the presence of groundwater will cause the pile material to decay or corrode.

43
Q

What is the most common combination for a composite pile?

A

Steel and concrete. A hollow steel casing with a reinforced concrete core.

44
Q

What are two advantages of diesel hammers for piles?

A

They do not need an external energy source and they can be used in cold weather conditions.

45
Q

What is another common name for a bored pile filled with concrete?

A

Caisson

46
Q

What type of concrete is used for compacted piles?

A

Dry mix concrete

47
Q

How is the carrying capacity of compacted piles achieved?

A

Through skin friction and end bearing.

48
Q

Why are steel pipes and H sections used for deep piles?

A

They are easily joined together by welding or boiling section together as they are driven.

49
Q

What are sheet piles and where are they used?

A

Sheet piles are corrugated sections of heavy steel that are used to retain the banks of an excavation and cofferdams.

50
Q

What is used to prevent ground pressure from pushing over soldier piles and lagging?

A

Tiebacks (anchor piles)

51
Q

How is cave-in prevented with a continuous flight auger hole?

A

Filled with concrete

52
Q

What type of load does sheet pilling support?

A

Lateral

53
Q

Where at grade beams used?

A

Over piles or pad footings

54
Q

Since the grade beam does not extend below the frost line, what precaution must be taken where frost heaving may occur?

A

A compressive material called a void form is placed between the bottom of the grade beam and the soil.

55
Q

What are the two types of void forms?

A

Corrugated paper carton and styrofoam

56
Q

Describe a styrofoam void form.

A

Ribbed, inert, closed cell, expanded polystyrene materials. Can be placed while grade beam is being formed because styrofoam will not absorb moisture and will not become weakened.

57
Q

Battered foundations usually have a straight wall face on the ______ and a sloping surface on the ______.

A

Exterior

Interior.

58
Q

Transverse reinforcement is not required when the thickness is equal to or greater than the projection of the footing. T or F

A

T. If the thickness is smaller it needs transverse reinforcement.

020302 (6 decks)

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