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Cardiology > 02: Histology: Heart & Blood Vessels > Flashcards

02: Histology: Heart & Blood Vessels Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the structure and function of lymphatics.

A
  • Structure:
    • Endothelium fenestrated & non-fenestrated
    • Basement membrane continuous or non-continuous
    • Have valves
    • Large lymphatics have muscle in wall
  • Function: drain clear fluid (lymph) from tissue space (more permeable than capillaries); chyle is a milky substance of lymph and emulsified fats formed in small intestines and taken up by lacteals (lymph vessels).
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2
Q

Identify this picture.

A

Lymphatic vessel with valve.

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3
Q

Identify the layers of the human aorta.

A
  1. Intima
  2. Media
  3. Adventitia

NB: Layers separated by internal/external elastic laminae.

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4
Q

What is endothelium?

A

Lining of blood vessels and lymphatics.

DO NOT confuse with epithelium (covering body surface or lining organs)

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5
Q

Identify the components of the intima layer of blood vessels.

A
  • Endothelium:
    • Continuous (via tight junctions)
    • Fenestrated (in intestines, endocrine organs, glomeruli)
  • Basal lamina (layer of extracellular matrix secreted by the endothelial cells)
  • Myointimal cells (smooth muscle, produce collagen, phagocytic ability)

NB: no smooth muscle in capillaries

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6
Q

Identify the types of capillaries.

A
  • Continuous (e.g., muscle)
  • Fenestrated (fenestrations within endothelial cells; e.g., endocrine glands)
  • Sinusoidal (gaps between endothelial cells; e.g., liver)
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7
Q

Identify this structure and its layers.

A
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8
Q

Identify this structure and the components marked by the arrows and arrowheads.

A

Continuous capillary in skeletal muscle.

Arrowheads = tight junctions

Arrows = pinocytotic vessels

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9
Q

Identify this structure.

A

Capillary in endocrine gland (note fenestrations).

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10
Q

Identify this structure.

A

Capillary of liver (note sinusoids).

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11
Q

Name the 8 functions of the endothelium.

A
  1. Barrier - via tight junctions
  2. Filter & transport - fenestrations, pinocytotic vesicles, active transport via proteins (BBB)
  3. Secretion - vasodilation (prostacyclin, nitric oxide) & vasoconstriction (angiotensin-converting enzyme [ACE], enothelin)
  4. Cell growth - increase via PDGF or decrease via heparin, TGF-beta
  5. Clotting - inhibit (prostacyclin & NO inhibit platelet aggregation, tissue plasminogen activator regulates fibrinolysis, thrombomodulin) or promote (tissue factor, platelet activating factor, von Willebrand factor)
  6. Lipoprotein metabolism - oxidation of low density lipoproteins (LDL) and VLDL
  7. Extracellular matrix production - Type IV collagen, laminin, proteoglycans
  8. Immunologic - activated by cytokines to produce adhesion molecules (selectins, integrins, CD markers); regulate immune functions (IL-1,6,8); express histocompatability antigens (HLA-I,II)
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12
Q

Identify the components of the media layer of blood vessels.

A
  • Elastic fibers: circumferentiall oriented
  • Smooth muscle cells: regulate blood pressure and blood flow
    • Make collagen, elastin, proteoglycans
    • Migrate to intima and proliferate
      • Stimulated by PDGF, endothelin, FGF
      • Inhibited by nitric oxide, TGF-beta
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13
Q

Identify the structures in this slide.

A
  1. Internal elastica
  2. External elastica
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14
Q

Describe the innervation of the media in blood vessels.

A
  • Adrenergic: vasoconstriction
  • Cholinergic: vasodilation
  • Afferent: pressure receptors, chemoreceptors

NB: Carotid bodies connect by the glossopharyngeal nerve to the brainstem.

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15
Q

Identify the components of the adventitia layer of blood vessels.

A
  • Connective tissue
  • Vasa vasorum: network of small blood vessels that supply the walls of large blood vessels
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16
Q

What is the function of microvascular arterio-venous shunts?

A

Located in fingers, toes, ears and nose; act to preserve heat centrally.

17
Q

What is the function of high endothelial venules?

A

Facilitate lymphocyte adhesion and migration; have receptors (GlyCAM-1, ICAM-1, CD34) for ligands on naive lymphocytes (CCR7, L-selectin, LFA-1).

18
Q

Describe the major differences between arteries and veins.

A
  • Arteries: high pressure, thicker media, well-defined elastic layers
  • Veins: low pressure, valves, thicker adventitia
19
Q

What is a hemangioma?

A

Benign and usually self-involuting tumor (swelling or growth) of the endothelial cells that line blood vessels, and is characterised by increased number of normal or abnormal vessels filled with blood.

20
Q

List the components of the heart.

A
  • Epicardium
  • Myocardium & conduction system
  • Valves
  • Endocardium
21
Q

Describe the epicardium of the heart.

A

The mesothelium (M) lines the visceral and parietal pericardium.

22
Q

Describe the cells comprising the myocardium of the heart.

A
  • Comprised of myocytes, responsible for contraction.
  • The atrial cells also secrete B-type natriuretic protein (BNP) when stretched:
    • Increase water, sodium & potassium excretion by kidney
    • Inhibit renin secretion by kidney (renin increases BP)
    • Inhibit aldosterone secretion by adrenals (aldosterone increases BP)
23
Q

Identify the structures labelled in the picture:

A

This is a myocyte.

D = desmosome
FA = fascia adherens
G = glycogen
M = mitochondrion
N = gap junctional nexus
SR = sarcoplasmic reticulum
T = T-tubules

24
Q

Identify the components of the myocardium.

A
  1. Myocytes
  2. Conduction system composed of specialized muscle cells
  3. Nerves
  4. Connective tissue
  5. Vessels
  6. Leukocytes (macrophages, mast cells, lymphocytes)
25
Q

Describe the myocardial conduction system.

A
  • Specialized myocytes which are transducing electrical impulses rather than contracting.
  • Sinoatrial (SA) node: the pacemaker
    • At junction of SVC with atrium
    • Desmosomes connect instead of intercalated disks
    • Embedded in connective tissue with central nodal artery
  • Atrioventricular (AV) node:
    • Adjacent to opening of coronary sinus above tricuspid valve ring
    • Small fibers in connective tissue
  • Bundle of His
    • Left bundle branch: diffuse fan of fibers
    • Right bundle branch: more distinct
    • Connect with Purkinje fibers (myocytes with abundant glycogen and few myofibrils) in ventricles
26
Q

Describe the endocardium of the heart.

A
  • Collagen, elastic fibers, smooth muscle cells, endothelium (but mainly connective tissue)
  • Thickness determined by pressure and turbulence
27
Q

Describe the components of the heart valves.

A
  • Spongiosa - looser connective tissue layer
  • Fibrosa - denser connective tissue
  • Covered by endothelium
  • Valve rings connect to the central fibrous body of the heart
  • No blood vessels in the normal valve
28
Q

Identify the below structure and its components-

A
29
Q

Name the cardiomyopathies:

A

A) Hypertrophic
B) Normal
C) Dilated

30
Q

What cardiomyopathy is shown below?

A

Myocyte disarray in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

31
Q

What are the most common sites of mutations in familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?

A
  • Beta-myosin heavy chain (35%)
  • Troponin T (15%)
  • Myosin-binding protein C (15%)
  • Alpha-tropomyosin (5%)
  • Myosin light chain (1%)

Cardiology (13 decks)

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