02. GRAVE Introduction

Question 1

What does GRAVE stand for?

Answer 1

Generalisability
Reliability
Application
Validity
Ethics

REMINDER: GRAVE is only for studies NOT theories.

Question 2

What are some thinking points surrounding generalisability?

Answer 2

Is the studies sample size representative of the target population?
What sampling method was used and does this have an affect on the results?
Does the study explain the behaviour for a certain population but not for others?

Question 3

What are some thinking points surrounding reliability?

Answer 3

If this study was to be repeated using the same procedure would the same results be found?
Were there strict controls over the procedure to ensure that it could be replicated 100% accurately?
Think about variables, did anything happen in this study which would not happen again if it was repeated (eg outside noise)?

Question 4

What are some thinking points surrounding application?

Answer 4

Is there any point in the study?
Does it help us to explain anything in the real world?
Is it outdated? If so does it explain past behaviour but not present?

Question 5

What are some thinking points surrounding validity?

Answer 5

Is the study measuring what it is claiming to?
Were they any variables that may have effected results (eg environment, sample of participants)?
How old the study is, is it relevant to behaviour today?
Has the study even been repeated with similar results found?

Question 6

What are some thinking points surrounding ethics?

Answer 6

Informed consent- did the participant know that they were signing up for? Did they give signed consent?
Did the study breach any human or animal rights?
Was any physical or emotional distress caused to the participants?
Was the participant allowed anonymity or was their data shared? Did they give permission for this?

Question 7

What are the 5 different types of validity?
(Validity refers to if something is true or legitimate)

Answer 7

1. Internal validity
2. External validity
3. Ecological validity
4. Population validity
5. Temporal/historic validity

Question 8

Define internal validity.

Answer 8

Internal validity is a measure of whether results obtained are solely affected by changes in the variable being manipulated (ie only by the independent variable). Are you measuring what you think you’re measuring?

Question 9

Define external validity.

Answer 9

External validity is a measure of whether data can be generalised to other situations outside of the research environment.

Question 10

Define ecological validity.

Answer 10

Ecological validity is a type of external validity that refers to the extent to which the findings can be generalised to a real-life setting.

Question 11

Define population validity.

Answer 11

Population validity is a type of external validity that refers to the extent to which findings can be generalised to other people. Usually referred to as generalisability.

Question 12

Define temporal/historic validity.

Answer 12

Temporal/historic validity is a type of validity where we can generalised the findings to other periods of time. Eg lack of homosexual relationships in previous centuries due to laws and attitudes at the time.

Question 13

What are 3 important research considerations?

Answer 13

1. Demand characteristics
2. Mundane realism
3. Social desirability bias

Question 14

Define demand characteristics.

Answer 14

The participant guesses the aims of the research and behaves in a way which tries to please the researcher. Eg Milgram’s study, as experimenter would want participant to reach highest voltage.

Question 15

Define mundane realism.

Answer 15

Is it something that would happen in everyday life? Is the task or scenario created by the the researcher an everyday task/event? Eg Milgram’s study is a very rare occurrence.

Question 16

Define social desirability bias.

Answer 16

Participant behaves in a way that shows themselves in a positive light opposed to what they may normally do. Eg not dropping litter if a teacher is there.