02 - Cellular Anatomy Flashcards
1
Q
A human cell consists of three major parts:
A
Plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus
2
Q
Every cell is enclosed by a thin barrier called the ___________
A
Plasma membrane
3
Q
Plasma (cell) membrane has 2 major roles:
A
(a) it separates the internal cellular components from the external environment, (b) it regulates the movements of substances into and out of the cell
4
Q
The ___________ describes the structure of the plasma membrane.
A
fluid mosaic model
5
Q
The major chemical components of the plasma membrane are…
A
lipids and protein
6
Q
This is the word to describe the area in between cells.
A
interstitial
7
Q
How many cells are in a human body?
A
75 trillion cells
8
Q
How many types of cells are in a human body?
A
200 types of cells
9
Q
Function at organ level is always achieved by _________.
A
Function at microscopic level
10
Q
Only cell in body without centriole is _____ because they don’t divide.
A
nerve cells
11
Q
A word to describe this part of the cell is “discriminates”
A
plasma membrane
12
Q
What percentage of the plasma membrane is lipids and proteins?
A
60% lipids, 40% proteins
13
Q
The membrane lipids include?
A
phospholipids, cholesterol molecules, glycolipids
14
Q
These form a lipid bilayer that is the basic framework of the plasma membrane
A
phospholipids
15
Q
These strengthen the plasma membrane
A
cholesterol molecules
16
Q
These perform functions on the plasma membrane’s outer surface, providing energy and acting as a platform for cellular recognition
A
glycolipids (when these start breaking down it can lead to a lot of autoimmune diseases)
17
Q
The membrane proteins include?
A
integral proteins & peripheral proteins
18
Q
Many integral membrane proteins are _____, proteins with carbohydrate groups attached to the ends that pro- trude into the extracellular fluid.
A
glycoproteins
19
Q
These proteins are located on the inner and outer surfaces of the phospholipid bilayer; the carbohydrate portions of the glycolipids and glycoproteins form a cell surface coat called the glycocalyx
A
peripheral proteins
20
Q
Most integral membrane proteins are _____, which means that they span the entire lipid bilayer and protrude into both the cytosol and extracellular fluid.
A
transmembrane proteins
21
Q
_____ proteins extend into or through the lipid bilayer and are firmly embedded in it.
A
Integral proteins
22
Q
_____ proteins are not as firmly embedded in the membrane and are attached to membrane lipids or integral proteins at the inner or outer surface of the membrane.
A
peripheral proteins
23
Q
The carbohydrate portions of glycolipids and glycoproteins form an extensive sugary coat called the ______, which has a number of functions.
A
glycocalyx
24
Q
The _____ composition acts like a molecular “signature” that enables cells to recognize one another. (acts as a tag/identifier)
A
glycocalyx
25
The ____ enables cells to adhere to one another in some tissues, and it protects cells from being digested by enzymes in the extracellular fluid (this second action makes red blood cells slippery as they flow through narrow blood vessels)
glycocalyx
26
An atom that has lost or gained an electron is an ____.
ion
27
Proteins that catalyze specific chemical reactions at the inside or outside of the cell.
enzymes
28
Proteins that act as cellular recognition sites.
receptors
29
Holes formed by proteins through which specific ions, such as potassium ions (K+), can flow through to gain entry or leave the cell.
ion channels
30
Proteins that selectively move a polar substance or ion from one side of the membrane to the other.
carriers or transporters
31
Proteins that anchor the plasma membrane of neighboring cells to one another or to protein filaments inside and outside the cell.
linkers
32
Membrane glycoproteins and glycolipids often serve as _______, enabling a cell to (1) recognize other cells of the same kind during tissue formation or (2) recognize and respond to potentially dangerous foreign cells.
identity markers
33
Substances move across the plasma membrane in 3 ways. Name them.
passive processes, active processes, vesicular transport
34
When substances move across the plasma membrane, due to their own kinetic energy, down a concentration gradient (from high to low), this is known as _______
passive processes
35
A passive process by which substances move down a concentration gradient without any aid provided by membrane components
diffusion (especially movement of gaseous molecules, i.e. heat, perfume, dropping dye into water) (body examples: O2 from lungs to blood, CO2 from cells to lungs, O2 between blood and tissues) (diffusion is mostly nonpolar - goes right through)
36
A passive process in which water molecules diffuse down their concentration gradient through membrane channels and between neighboring phospholipids (movement of water)
osmosis
37
_______ is mostly nonpolar, with substances going right through the membrane.
diffusion
38
A passive process in which substances move down a concentration gradient with the aid of a membrane transporter (carrier) protein
facilitated diffusion
39
_______ is the passive process that brings most of the polar substances into your cells
facilitated diffusion
40
______ depends on the solute/soluble concentration. (you have lots of different solutes in your blood)
osmosis
41
Name the 2 differences of facilitated diffusion from diffusion
(1) carrier protein involved, and (2) involves polar substances
42
Fluid outside body cells.
extracellular fluid (ECF)
43
Fluid within cells
intracellular fluid (ICF)
44
The ECF the microscopic spaces between the cells of tissues is called _______
interstitial fluid
45
The ECF in blood vessels is termed _______
plasma
46
The ECF in lymphatic vessels is called _______
lymph
47
When substances move across a plasma membrane, due to energy provided by ATP, against a concentration gradient. (from low to high)
active processes (ex. sodium & potassium pumps; analogy: sump pump)
48
A major type of active process is _________
active transport (ATP)
49
A process in which substances move against a concentration gradient with the aid of a membrane carrier protein
active transport (ATP)
50
A _____ is a small, spherical, membranous sac formed by budding off from an ex- isting membrane.
vesicle
51
When materials move into a cell in a vesicle formed from the plasma membrane.
endocytosis (type of vesicular transport)
52
When materials move out of a cell by the fusion of vesicles formed inside a cell with the plasma membrane.
exocytosis (type of vesicular transport)
53
In _________, energy (from ATP) is expended so that vesicles (membranous sacs) either detach from the plasma membrane to import substances into the cell or fuse with the plasma membrane to export substances from the cell
vesicular transport
54
Name the types of vesicular transport:
endocytosis, exocytosis, transcytosis
55
Name the 3 basic types of endocytosis
receptor-mediated endocytosis, phagocytosis, bulk-phase endocytosis (or pinocytosis)
56
A process in which extracellular molecules and particles are surrounded, enclosed, and brought into the cell by an invaginating segment of the plasma membrane ("movement in")
endocytosis (type of vesicular transport) ("endo" = move in)
57
endocytosis involving membrane receptor
receptor-mediated endocytosis (type of endocytosis)
58
"cellular eating", endocytosis involving the formation of pseudopods. cell brings in solid substances (ex. white blood cells - encounters bug, extends membrane, surrounds bug, brings it in)
phagocytosis (type of endocytosis)
59
"cellular drinking" type of endocytosis
bulk-phase endocytosis (or pinocytosis) (type of endocytosis)
60
a process in which intracellular vesicle-enclosed substances are released into the extracellular fluid by membrane fusion of secretory vesicles with the plasma membrane ("movement of substances inside out")
exocytosis (type of vesicular transport) (ex. old mitochondria, hormones that leave cells, neurotransmitters that leave, too much water)
61
a process in which substances are moved by vesicles into a cell on one side, across the cell, and then out of the cell on the other side. ("in, across, and out")
transcytosis (type of vesicular transport)
62
the intracellular fluid in which organelles are suspended and in which solutes are dissolved
cytosol
63
Collectively these intracellular components (cytosol, organelles) form the ______
cytoplasm
64
The ______ is the site of numerous events including metabolic reactions, the transport of substances, etc.
cytosol
65
a network of three types of protein filaments that provide shape to the cell and play roles in cell movements as well as in movements of organelles within cells
cytoskeleton
66
Name the 3 types of protein filaments that provide shape to the cell as the cytoskeleton
microfilaments, microtubules, intermediate filaments
67
thin filaments that perform these functions (as well as playing a role in muscle cell contraction); they also provide mechanical support, e.g., within fingerlike projections of the plasma membrane called microvilli
microfilaments (form skeleton, also allow movement, help direct traffic
68
long, thin, cylindrical structures that participate in determining cell shape and function in the intracellular transport of organelles; microtubules are also important components of flagella, cilia, centrioles, and the mitotic spindle
microtubules (hold organelles in place [xmas tree with organelles on ends of branches], also involved with movement; this is what makes cytoplasm an emulsion)
69
filaments that have a diameter between that of microfilaments and microtubules; they help to position organelles as well as to strengthen and give shape to the cell
intermediate filaments (provide strength [only discovered purpose in last 5 years], relieve stress on cells; like guide wires or bridge cables)
70
intracellular structures that have characteristic shapes and perform specialized functions (see Table 2.2)
organelles (see Table 2.2 for various functions?)
71
4 functions of cytoplasm
(1) helps maintain shape of cells, (2) provides strength, (3) directs traffic within cell, (4) anchors organelles in place
72
These increase surface area for intestinal cells (and other cells). Held in place by microfilaments.
microvilli
73
Think of this as part of the cell as a construction site. You will find a lot of raw materials because that's where everything is built. No calcium though because you don't want things to solidify
cytoplasm
74
located near the nucleus and consists of a pair of centrioles (oriented at right angles to each other) plus surrounding pericentriolar material
centrosome
75
Each of these (come in pairs) cylindrical structures contains a bundle of microtubules; they are oriented at right angles to one another
centrioles
76
This surrounds the centrioles and contains hundreds of ring-shaped complexes composed of the protein tubulin
pericentriolar material
77
The function of these (pair) is cell division. Consequently nerves don't have them.
centrioles
78
The _____ organizes the formation of cytoplasmic microtubules in nondividing cells and the mitotic spindle in dividing cells
centrosome
79
______ are identical to basal bodies which play a role in the formation of flagella and cilia
centrioles
80
These are motile projections of the cell surface; each consists of a hair-like projection of the plasma membrane which encloses a bundle of parallel microtubules
cilia and flagella
81
typically short and numerous; found in several types of human cells where their function is to move materials past the surfaces of these cells (e.g., move mucus along the surfaces of cells that form the inner lining of the respiratory tract)
cilia
82
are typically long and few in number; the only example in a human cell is the tail of a sperm cell where its function is to propel the cell
flagella
83
numerous tiny granules, each consisting of 2 subunits and composed of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and associated ribosomal proteins
ribosomes
84
these are orgenelles where protein synthesis occurs. they also make proteins that will stay in the cell
ribosomes
85
these ribosomes float in the cytosol
free ribosomes
86
these ribosomes are attaches primarily to the endoplasmic reticulum
membrane-bound ribosomes
87
a network of interconnected membrane-enclosed flattened sacs or tubules
endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
88
membranes are studded with ribosomes that synthesize proteins destined to be secreted or delivered to lysosomes or to the plasma membrane
rough ER
89
membranes have no ribosomes but are sites for lipid synthesis, toxin detoxification, calcium storage in muscle cells, etc.
smooth ER
90
this is the modification center / refinery center / distribution center of the cell
golgi complex (most cells have several golgi complexes)
91
receives proteins and lipids from the rough ER; modifies, sorts, and packages these proteins and lipids into vesicles for delivery to lysosomes, the plasma membrane or to be secreted
golgi complex
92
series of flattened, membrane-enclosed sacs called cisternae stacked upon each other
golgi complex
93
are so named because of their high content of ribonucleic acid
ribosomes
94
small, flattened membranous sacs with bulging edges (stacked together, resembling pita bread)
cisternae
95
spherical membrane-enclosed sacs that form from the Golgi complex
lysosomes
96
contain numerous digestive enzymes for intracellular digestion (autophagy) of other old organelles, or materials that have been brought into the cell or for extracellular digestion, or destruction of the entire cell (autolysis)
lysosomes
97
destruction of the entire cell
autolysis
98
intracellular digestion
autophagy
99
small, spherical membrane-enclosed sacs; contain enzymes that use molecular oxygen to oxidize various organic molecules; important in liver and kidney cells where they detoxify toxic substances
peroxisomes
100
tiny structures which contain proteases used for the destruction of cytosolic proteins
proteasomes
101
only organelle that has its own DNA and can replicate itself
mitochondria
102
membrane-enclosed organelles that are often sausage-shaped; described as the “powerhouses” of the cell because they produce, via cellular respiration, large quantities of energy-rich ATP molecules that are subsequently used throughout the cell to provide energy for cellular processes
mitochondria
103
self-replicating organelles that contain their own (mitochondrial) DNA molecules that direct the synthesis of several mitochondrial proteins by mitochondrial ribosomes
mitochondria
104
These organelles play an important and early role in apoptosis
mitochondria
105
the orderly, genetically programmed death of a cell
apoptosis
106
largest organelle, usually spherical or oval-shaped
nucleus
