02 - Book, Ch. 2 Flashcards
What is another name for speech recognition?
Speech perception
What is speech recognition?
How well someone can understand a spoken message using auditory and/or visual cue
What is speech recognition testing?
Assessing how well an individual can recognize speech units
Phonemes, words, and/or sentences
What is the first phase of AR?
To assess how well someone can recognize speech
This is followed by the reception of a listening device and/or auditory/speech reading training
What is an audiogram?
A graphic representation of hearing thresholds
What is a threshold?
The softest, detectable sound level
What is an audiometer?
An instrument that measures hearing
What is air conduction?
When sound is transferred to the cochlea via the outer and middle ears
What is bone conduction?
When sound is transferred to the cochlea via the bones of the head
What is sound level? What is it measured in?
The intensity of a sound
dB
What is frequency? What is it measured in?
The pitch of a sound
Hertz (Hz)
What are Hertz?
The number of cycles per second
O stands for ______.
Right ear
Air Conduction
Unmasked
X stands for ______.
Left Ear
Air Conduction
Unmasked
stands for ______.
Left Ear
Air Conduction
Masked
ᐃ stands for ______.
Right Ear
Air Conduction
Masked
< stands for ______.
Right Ear
Bone Conduction (Mastoid)
Unmasked
> stands for ______.
Left Ear
Bone Conduction (Mastoid)
Unmasked
[ stands for ______.
Right Ear
Bone Conduction
Masked
] stands for ______.
Left Ear
Bone Conduction
Masked
A stands for ______.
Aided threshold
Meaning another device (like a hearing aid) was used
Aᵣ stands for ______.
Aided Threshold
Hearing Aid
Right
Ac stands for ______.
Aided Threshold
Hearing Aid
Left
C stands for ______.
Cochlear Implant
What is the effect of mild hearing loss?
Hearing is ok in quiet
In noise, speech recognition may drop up to 50%
Consonants are likely to be missed if HL is in the high frequencies
What is the effect of mild-moderate HL?
4
Speech is usually understood in quiet or when face-to-face
Speech is better understood with a known topic and a constrained vocabulary
Without a listening device, the individual may miss 50-75% of spoken message (if PTA is 40 dB HL)
Without a hearing aid, the individual may miss 80-100% of spoken message (if PTA is 50 dB HL
What is the effect of moderate to sever HL?
Without a listening device, the individual may miss the entire message even when face to face
Group conversations are extremely difficult
What is the effect of severe HL?
May not hear voices unless they are exceedingly loud
Will probably not recognize any speech without a listening device
Will probably hear some speech and some environmental sounds
What is the effect of profound HL?
Sound will most likely be perceived as vibration
Vision will be relied on as primary sense for speech recognition
May not hear any sounds without amplification
What does MCL stand for?
Most Comfortable Loudness
What is Most Comfortable Loudness?
The sound level that is most comfortable for the listener
What does ULL stand for?
Uncomfortable Loudness Level
What is uncomfortable loudness level?
The sound level that is uncomfortably loud for the listener
What is the dynamic range?
The difference in dB between someone’s speech detection threshold and their uncomfortable loudness level
Why is the dynamic range important?
It influences the selection and programming of individual listening devices
It sometimes influences the design of an individual’s auditory training program
What is the loudspeaker azimuth? How is it measured?
The position of a loud speaker relative to the listener
It is measured in angular degrees in the horizontal plane
What is soundfield testing? Who is this used with
Audiologic testing that uses loud speakers.
Usually used for patients that cannot tolerate headphones (small children, etc.)
It can also be used to test how well someone’s everyday hearing is or how their listening device is helping them
Where does audiologic testing usually occur?
In a sound treated booth
If this is not available, then in the quietest available room
Is determining someone’s need for amplification a purpose of speech recognition test?
Yes
Is building a patient’s confidence by comparing hearing with and without a listening device a purpose of speech recognition test?
Yes
Is comparing different listening devices (to help with choice) a purpose of speech recognition test?
Yes
Is proving to a patient that they have trouble understanding speech a purpose of speech recognition test?
Yes
Is demonstrating the benefits of a visual-speech combination a purpose of speech recognition test?
Yes
Is discovering what environmental-related listening issues might be affecting the patient a purpose of speech recognition test?
Yes
Is monitoring speech performance over time a purpose of speech recognition test?
Yes
Is determining the need for auditory/speechreading training a purpose of speech recognition test?
Yes
Is determining the starting level a patient should begin their auditory/speech reading training a purpose of speech recognition test?
Yes
Is evaluating what would be the best education setting for a child a purpose of speech recognition test?
Yes
Is evaluating whether an expected benefit was recieved a purpose of speech recognition test?
Yes
When selected a word recognition test, it is important to be sure that the selected test is on par with a patients ______ and _______.
Cognitive level
Linguistic ability
What is phoneme testing?
Testing phoneme recognition
Looks at phonetic errors
Can look at vowels and/or consonants
What is information transmission analysis?
A statistical procedure that analyzed the transmission of speech features by looking at the pattern of someone’s errors
(Are the errors due to voicing, to placement, etc.)
What is multidimensional scaling?
A statistical procedure where data points are represented in geographical space
Similar phonemes are close together and dissimilar phonemes are further apart
What is a cluster analysis?
A statistical approach that looks at what data points fall into groups and clusters
/b/, /d/, & /g/ often cluster together because they sound the same to people with hearing loss
What does PB stand for?
Phonetically balanced
What is a phonetically balanced word list?
A set of words that contain speech sounds within the same frequency
What is frequency of occurance?
The frequency that a word is likely to occur in everyday speech
What is a dense neighborhood?
A set of words where there are lots of similar words (cat, mat, bat, etc.)
These tend to be harder to recognize
What is a sparse neighborhood?
A set of words that has few similar words (thumb, lost)
These tend to be easier to recognize
Most word lists are comprised of monosyllabic words with the phonetic structure ______.
CVC
What does SL stand for?
Sensation level
What is a sensation level?
The level that a sound (in dB) is above a person’s threshold
What is white noise?
Broadband noise with equal energy across all frequencies
What does SNR stand for?
Signal-to-Noise Ratio
What is a Signal-to-Noise Ratio?
The level of a signal relative to background noise
What is speech reading enhancement?
The difference between speech recognition performance in a vision-only condition and an auditory-plus-vision condition
What is an open set test?
One that does not provide options for the response
What is a closed set task?
The stimulus comes from a fixed number of items known tot he patient
What is live voice testing?
The stimuli is spoken by the examiner
What are recorded stimuli?
Stimuli that are prerecorded and presented via CD, DVD, computer, etc.
What is altered speech?
Human speech that has been filtered or modified by a computer
What is time compressed speech?
Speech that has been digitally altered to delete some segments from the ongoing signal wave
This makes the stimulus sound like natural speech produced at a very fast rate
What is expanded speech?
Small segments of the speech signal are digitally duplicated
This makes the stimulus sound like speech being produced very slowly
What is filtered speech?
Speech that is pass through a filter bank(s)
What is low-pass filtered speech?
Speech were the high frequencies have been scrubbed but the low frequencies remain
What is high pass filtered speech?
Speech where the low frequency signal has been scrubbed but the high frequencies remain
What are learning effects?
When performance on a test improves due to the familiarity with the test
What is an equivalent list?
Separate lists that contain items that have a similar difficulty level
This is supposed to negate learning effects
These lists may not be equivalent when used with some listening devices
What is the test-retest variability?
A measure of the consistancy between one test and another
What is test reliability?
The ability of a group of test takers to achieve the same scores when a test is repeated
What is test validity?
When the test measures what it claims to measure
What are synthetic sentences?
Sentences that are syntactically correct but meaningless
They usually have a noun, verb, and object
An audiologic test should have both good ______ and good ______.
Reliability
Validity
Are there enough speech recognition tests for languages outside of English?
No
Bilinguals perform better on tests administered in ______ than in ______.
Their native language
Their second language
