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Exam 1 > 02/23a Inflammation I > Flashcards

02/23a Inflammation I Flashcards

1
Q

What is inflammation?

A

Body’s response to injury, including infection

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2
Q

What are the functions of inflammation?

A

To destroy, dilute, or wall off the injurious agent

To initiate the repair process

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3
Q

Inflammation is fundamentally a protective response. In what specific examples is inflammation harmful?

A

Hypersensitivity reactions - insect bites, drugs, etc.
Chronic diseases such as arthritis and atherosclerosis
Disfiguring scars
Visceral adhesions

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4
Q

What are the two components of an inflammatory response?

A

Vascular reaction

Cellular reaction

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5
Q

How is inflammation initiated?

A

By chemical mediators that are derived from plasma proteins or from cells

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6
Q

What are the three types of inflammation?

A

Acute
Chronic
Granulomatous

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7
Q

What are the major characteristics of acute inflammation (cells, time, etc.)

A

Short duration
Mainly neutrophils
Causes edema

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8
Q

What are the major characteristics of chronic inflammation?

A

Longer duration
Mainly lymphocytes and macrophages
Causes fibrosis and angiogenesis

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9
Q

What are the major characteristics of granulomatous inflammation?

A

A type of chronic inflammation

Predominance of epithelioid cells (activated macrophages) and possible multinucleated giant cells

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10
Q

What are the three major components of acute inflammation?

A

1) Increase in blood flow
2) Edema resulting from vasodilation and protein leakage
3) Leukocyte migration from circulation to focus of injury

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11
Q

What can stimulate acute inflammation?

A 
Infections
Trauma
Physical or chemical agents
Foreign bodies
Immune reactions
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12
Q

What are five mechanisms of increasing vascular permeability?

A

1) Formation of gaps between cells due to endothelial contraction - most common, fast and short-lived
2) Direct injury to the vessel - fast, may be long-lived
3) Leukocyte-dependent injury - release of factors that damage vessel walls, often happens in the lungs
4) Increased transcytosis (exocytosis of fluid)
5) New blood vessel formation - new vessels tend to be leaky, can be significant in the eye

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13
Q

What is extravasation?

A

Deliver of leukocytes from a vessel lumen to the interstitium

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14
Q

What is diapedesis?

A

Migration of a leukocyte across the endothelium

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15
Q

What is chemotaxis?

A

Migration of a leukocyte into the interstitial fluid

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16
Q

Describe the timeline of leukocyte emigration - which cells predominate at what time after injury?

A

6-24 hours after injury - neutrophils predominate

24-48 hours after injury - monocytes predominate

17
Q

What are the four possible outcomes of acute inflammation?

A

1) Complete resolution of the infection/injury
2) Abscess formation
3) Fibrosis - occurs after substantial tissue destruction, in tissues that cannot regenerate, or after abundant fibrin exudation
4) Progression into chronic inflammation

18
Q

In what cases might your body skip acute inflammation and progress directly to chronic inflammation?

A

Certain viral infections

19
Q

What are four morphological patterns seen in acute inflammation?

A

Serous inflammation
Fibrinous inflammation
Suppurative inflammation
Ulcers

20
Q

What is serous inflammation?

A

An outpouring of thin fluid (burn blisters)

21
Q

What is fibrous inflammation?

A

Leakage of fibrin into body cavities that may lead to scar tissue (adhesions)

22
Q

What is suppurative or purulent inflammation?

A

Formation of pus or purulent exudate, a mixture of neutrophils, debris, and edema fluid (abscess)

23
Q

What is an ulcer?

A

A local defect on the surface of an organ or tissue produced by sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue

24
Q

What are the systemic manifestations of acute inflammation?

A 
Endocrine and metabolic
Fever
Autonomic
Behavioral
Leukocytosis or leukopenia
25
Q

What is the purpose of a fever?

A

Improves efficiency of leukocyte killing

Impairs replication of many offending organisms

26
Q

What are the endocrine and metabolic manifestations of acute inflammation?

A

Secretion of acute phase proteins by the liver
Increased production of glucocorticoids in response to stress
Decreased secretion of vasopressin, resulting in body fluid reduction

27
Q

What are the autonomic manifestations of acute inflammation?

A

Redirection of blood flow from skin to deep vascular beds
Increased pulse and blood pressure
Decreased sweating to preserve fluid volume

28
Q

What are some behavioral manifestations of acute inflammation?

A 
Shivering
Chills
Anorexia
Somnolence
Malaise
29
Q

What is leukocytosis? What infections cause it?

A

Increased leukocyte count
Bacterial infections can cause neutrophilia
Certain viral infections can cause lymphocytosis
Parasites, asthma, and hay fever can cause eosinophilia

30
Q

What is leukopenia? What infections cause it?

A

Decreased leukocyte count

Can be caused by typhoid fever, some viruses, rickettsiae, and protozoa

31
Q

What types of infections and injuries can cause chronic inflammation?

A

Persistent infections such as syphilis and certain viruses, fungi, and parasites
Exposure to toxic agents, which can be exogenous (silica dust) or endogenous (toxic plasma lipid components leading to atherosclerosis)
Autoimmunity, as in cases of rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosis

32
Q

What are the histological features of chronic inflammation?

A

Infiltration with mononuclear cells (T cells, B cells, macrophages)
Tissue destruction
Healing by replacement of damaged tissue by fibrosis and angiogenesis

33
Q

What are the functions of macrophages in chronic inflammation?

A

Secrete biologically active products to engulf microbes and kill them, stimulate inflammation, and repair tissue

34
Q

What are the functions of lymphocytes in chronic inflammation?

A

Produce inflammatory mediators
Participate in cell-mediated immune reactions
Produce antibody (B cells)

35
Q

What are the functions of eosinophils in chronic inflammation?

A

Combat parasitic infections with toxic proteins contained in their granules
Active in immune reactions mediated by IgE (such as allergies)

36
Q

What is the function of mast cells in chronic inflammation?

A

Release histamine and cytokines

37
Q

What is a granuloma?

A

A focal area of granulomatous inflammation

38
Q

What are the two types of granulomas?

A

Foreign body granuloma - forms when a foreign material is too large to be engulfed by a single macrophage
Immune granulmoa - forms when insoluble or poorly soluble particles elicit a cell-mediated immune response

Exam 1 (15 decks)

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