010.07 ATS and ATM .02.10 + .02.11 + .02.12 (position reports, separation minima)

Question 1

Minimum longitudinal separation between turbojet aircraft based on Mach no. on the same track, whether in level, climbing or descending flight shall be:

1) (…) minutes when the preceding aircraft has a true Mach number equal to or greater than the following aircraft; or
2) the following:

…

— (…) minutes, if the preceding aircraft is Mach 0.03 faster than the following aircraft;

…

Answer 1

Minimum longitudinal separation between turbojet aircraft based on Mach no. on the same track, whether in level, climbing or descending flight shall be:

1) (10) minutes when the preceding aircraft has a true Mach number equal to or greater than the following aircraft; or
2) the following: - total is always 11! -

— (9) minutes, if the preceding aircraft is Mach 0.02 faster than the following aircraft; 2+9=11

— (8) minutes, if the preceding aircraft is Mach 0.03 faster than the following aircraft; 3+8=11

— (7) minutes, if the preceding aircraft is Mach 0.04 faster than the following aircraft; etc.

— (6) minutes, if the preceding aircraft is Mach 0.05 faster than the following aircraft; etc.

— (5) minutes, if the preceding aircraft is Mach 0.06 faster than the following aircraft.

Question 2

Longitudinal separation minima based on time for aircraft maintaining same level and track:

…

c) (…) minutes provided that the preceding aircraft is maintaining a true airspeed of 20 kt or more faster than the succeeding aircraft; or

…

Answer 2

Longitudinal separation minima based on time for aircraft maintaining same level and track:

…

c) (5) minutes provided that the preceding aircraft is maintaining a true airspeed of 20 kt or more faster than the succeeding aircraft; or

…

source: https://ops.group/blog/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/ICAO-Doc4444-Pans-Atm-16thEdition-2016-OPSGROUP.pdf

Question 3

Longitudinal separation minima based on time for aircraft climbing or descending on crossing tracks:

a) (…) minutes while vertical separation does not exist; or

…

Answer 3

Longitudinal separation minima based on time for aircraft climbing or descending on crossing tracks:

a) (15) minutes while vertical separation does not exist; or

…

• note: same as climbing or descending on the same track.*
  source: https://ops.group/blog/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/ICAO-Doc4444-Pans-Atm-16thEdition-2016-OPSGROUP.pdf

Question 4

When so requested by an aircraft, an ATC unit may clear a controlled flight, including departing and arriving flights, operating in airspace Classes (…) in visual meteorological conditions (anytime during day and night/during the hours of daylight) to fly subject to maintaining own separation to one other aircraft and remaining in visual meteorological conditions. Maintaining seperation is then the responsibility of the (…).

Answer 4

When so requested by an aircraft, an ATC unit may clear a controlled flight, including departing and arriving flights, operating in airspace Classes (D and E) in visual meteorological conditions (during the hours of daylight) to fly subject to maintaining own separation to one other aircraft and remaining in visual meteorological conditions. Maintaining seperation is then the responsibility of the (PIC).

Question 5

Kinds of seperation used in aviation are (…) and (…) seperation. A combination of these is called (…) seperation.

Answer 5

Kinds of seperation used in aviation are (vertical) and (horizontal) seperation. A combination of these is called (composite) seperation.

Question 6

The aircraft in the attachment are on (the same/reciprocal/crossing) track(s).

source:https://ops.group/blog/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/ICAO-Doc4444-Pans-Atm-16thEdition-2016-OPSGROUP.pdf

Answer 6

The aircraft in the attachment are on (crossing) track(s).

source:https://ops.group/blog/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/ICAO-Doc4444-Pans-Atm-16thEdition-2016-OPSGROUP.pdf

Question 7

Longitudinal separation minima based on time for aircraft maintaining same level but on crossing tracks:

a) (…) minutes at the point of intersection of the tracks; or

…

Answer 7

Longitudinal separation minima based on time for aircraft maintaining same level but on crossing tracks:

a) (15) minutes at the point of intersection of the tracks; or

…

source: https://ops.group/blog/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/ICAO-Doc4444-Pans-Atm-16thEdition-2016-OPSGROUP.pdf

Question 8

Longitudinal separation minima based on time for aircraft maintaining same level and track:

…

b) (…) minutes, if navigation aids permit frequent determination of position and speed; or

…

Answer 8

Longitudinal separation minima based on time for aircraft maintaining same level and track:

…

b) (10) minutes, if navigation aids permit frequent determination of position and speed; or

…

source: https://ops.group/blog/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/ICAO-Doc4444-Pans-Atm-16thEdition-2016-OPSGROUP.pdf

Question 9

Longitudinal separation minima based on distance for aircraft climbing or descending on the reciprocal tracks:

Aircraft have passed each other and are at least (…) NM apart, or such other value as prescribed by the appropriate ATS authority.

Answer 9

Longitudinal separation minima based on distance for aircraft climbing or descending on the reciprocal tracks:

Aircraft have passed each other and are at least (10) NM apart, or such other value as prescribed by the appropriate ATS authority.

Question 10

By requiring aircraft to fly on specified tracks which are separated by a minimum amount appropriate to the navigation aid employed. Lateral separation between two aircraft exists when:

NDB: both aircraft are established on tracks to or from the NDB which are diverging by at least (…) degrees and at least one aircraft is at a distance of (…) NM or more from the facility.

Answer 10

By requiring aircraft to fly on specified tracks which are separated by a minimum amount appropriate to the navigation aid employed. Lateral separation between two aircraft exists when:

NDB: both aircraft are established on tracks to or from the NDB which are diverging by at least (30) degrees and at least one aircraft is at a distance of (15) NM or more from the facility.

source: https://ops.group/blog/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/ICAO-Doc4444-Pans-Atm-16thEdition-2016-OPSGROUP.pdf

Question 11

Longitudinal separation minima based on time for aircraft maintaining same level and track:

…

d) (…) minutes provided that the preceding aircraft is maintaining a true airspeed of 40 kt or more faster than the succeeding aircraft.

Answer 11

Longitudinal separation minima based on time for aircraft maintaining same level and track:

…

d) (3) minutes provided that the preceding aircraft is maintaining a true airspeed of 40 kt or more faster than the succeeding aircraft.
source: https://ops.group/blog/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/ICAO-Doc4444-Pans-Atm-16thEdition-2016-OPSGROUP.pdf

Question 12

Two aircraft are flying to Paris. Aircraft A takes off from London Heathrow and is in front of aircraft B with 1 minute difference. Both aircraft are flying 150° (M) inbound Paris Charles de Gaulle VOR for holding procedure before landing. Correct FLs are:

Aircraft A: FL (240/250/260/270)

Aircraft B: FL (240/250/260/270)

Answer 12

Two aircraft are flying to Paris. Aircraft A takes off from London Heathrow and is in front of aircraft B with 1 minute difference. Both aircraft are flying 150° (M) inbound Paris Charles de Gaulle VOR for holding procedure before landing. Correct FLs are:

Aircraft A: FL (250) Flying east, so odd FL. Preceding aircraft normally have priority and enter a holding at the lowest level, following aircraft will then enter the holding at higher levels.

Aircraft B: FL (270)

Question 13

When (…), the flight crew shall include this speed in their position reports.

Answer 13

When (assigned a specific speed to maintain), the flight crew shall include this speed in their position reports.

Question 14

Longitudinal separation minima based on time for aircraft climbing or descending on the same track:

a) (…) minutes while vertical separation does not exist; or

…

Answer 14

Longitudinal separation minima based on time for aircraft climbing or descending on the same track:

a) (15) minutes while vertical separation does not exist; or

…

• note: same as climbing or descending on crossing tracks.*
  source: https://ops.group/blog/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/ICAO-Doc4444-Pans-Atm-16thEdition-2016-OPSGROUP.pdf

Question 15

By requiring aircraft to fly on specified tracks which are separated by a minimum amount appropriate to the navigation aid employed. Lateral separation between two aircraft exists when:

GNSS: both aircraft are established on tracks diverging by at least (…) degrees and at least one aircraft is at a distance of (…) NM or more from the common point between FL010 - FL190 of (…) NM, or more at FL200 or higher from the common point.

Answer 15

By requiring aircraft to fly on specified tracks which are separated by a minimum amount appropriate to the navigation aid employed. Lateral separation between two aircraft exists when:

GNSS: both aircraft are established on tracks diverging by at least (15) degrees and at least one aircraft is at a distance of (15) NM or more from the common point between FL010 - FL190 of (23) NM, or more at FL200 or higher from the common point.

source: https://ops.group/blog/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/ICAO-Doc4444-Pans-Atm-16thEdition-2016-OPSGROUP.pdf

Question 16

Whenever, as a result of failure or degradation of navigation, communications, altimetry, flight control or other systems, aircraft performance is degraded below the level required for the airspace in which it is operating, the flight crew shall advise the (operator/ATC unit concerned/autority/passengers) without delay.

Answer 16

Whenever, as a result of failure or degradation of navigation, communications, altimetry, flight control or other systems, aircraft performance is degraded below the level required for the airspace in which it is operating, the flight crew shall advise the (ATC unit concerned) without delay.

Question 17

An aircraft may be cleared to a level previously occupied by another aircraft after the latter has reported (being 1000 ft below previous level/vacating it), except when:

a) (…);
b) the higher aircraft is effecting a cruise climb; or
c) the difference in aircraft performance is such that less than the applicable separation minimum may result;

Answer 17

An aircraft may be cleared to a level previously occupied by another aircraft after the latter has reported (vacating it), except when:

a) (severe turbulence is known to exist);
b) the higher aircraft is effecting a cruise climb; or
c) the difference in aircraft performance is such that less than the applicable separation minimum may result;

Question 18

Longitudinal separation minima based on time for aircraft climbing or descending on reciprocal tracks:

Where lateral separation is not provided, vertical separation shall be provided for at least (…) minutes prior to and after the time the aircraft are estimated to pass, or are estimated to have passed.

Answer 18

Longitudinal separation minima based on time for aircraft climbing or descending on reciprocal tracks:

Where lateral separation is not provided, vertical separation shall be provided for at least (10) minutes prior to and after the time the aircraft are estimated to pass, or are estimated to have passed.

Question 19

The six items normally included in a voice position report are (…), (…), (…), (…), (…) and (…).

The last three elements may be omitted when (…).

Answer 19

The six items normally included in a voice position report are (aircraft identification​), (position), (time), (FL or altitude), (next position and time over) and (ensuing significant point)​.

The last three elements may be omitted when (so prescribed on the basis of regional air navigation agreements).

Question 20

Composite seperation: consists of a combination of vertical separation and one of the other forms of horizontal separation, using minima for each which may be lower than, but not less than (a quarter/half/three quarters) of, those used for each of the combined elements when applied individually.

Answer 20

Composite seperation: consists of a combination of vertical separation and one of the other forms of horizontal separation, using minima for each which may be lower than, but not less than (half) of, those used for each of the combined elements when applied individually.

Question 21

By requiring aircraft to fly on specified tracks which are separated by a minimum amount appropriate to the navigation aid employed. Lateral separation between two aircraft exists when:

VOR: both aircraft are established on radials diverging by at least (…) degrees and at least one aircraft is at a distance of (…) NM or more from the facility.

Answer 21

By requiring aircraft to fly on specified tracks which are separated by a minimum amount appropriate to the navigation aid employed. Lateral separation between two aircraft exists when:

VOR: both aircraft are established on radials diverging by at least (15) degrees and at least one aircraft is at a distance of (15) NM or more from the facility.

source: https://ops.group/blog/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/ICAO-Doc4444-Pans-Atm-16thEdition-2016-OPSGROUP.pdf

Question 22

The aircraft in the attachment are on (the same/reciprocal/crossing) track(s).

source:https://ops.group/blog/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/ICAO-Doc4444-Pans-Atm-16thEdition-2016-OPSGROUP.pdf

Answer 22

The aircraft in the attachment are on (reciprocal) track(s).

source:https://ops.group/blog/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/ICAO-Doc4444-Pans-Atm-16thEdition-2016-OPSGROUP.pdf

Question 23

Vertical separation is obtained by requiring aircraft to use (…).

Answer 23

Vertical separation is obtained by requiring aircraft using (prescribed altimeter setting procedures) to operate at different levels expressed in terms of flight levels or altitudes

Question 24

Longitudinal separation minima based on time for aircraft maintaining same level and track:

a) (…) minutes; or

…

Answer 24

Longitudinal separation minima based on time for aircraft maintaining same level and track:

a) (15) minutes; or

…

source: https://ops.group/blog/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/ICAO-Doc4444-Pans-Atm-16thEdition-2016-OPSGROUP.pdf

Question 25

On routes defined by designated significant points, position reports shall be made by the aircraft **(3 minutes before/when over, or as soon as possible after/5 minutes after)** passing each designated compulsory reporting point. Additional reports over other points may be requested by the appropriate ATS unit.

Answer 25

On routes defined by designated significant points, position reports shall be made by the aircraft **(when over, or as soon as possible after)** passing each designated compulsory reporting point. Additional reports over other points may be requested by the appropriate ATS unit.

Question 26

Geographic seperation is obtained where aircraft **(...)**.

Answer 26

Geographic seperation is obtained where aircraft **(report overhead different geographical locations)**.

Question 27

Longitudinal separation minima based on _time_ for aircraft maintaining _same level but on crossing tracks_: ... b) **(...)** minutes if _navigation aids_ permit frequent determination of position and speed.

Answer 27

Longitudinal separation minima based on _time_ for aircraft maintaining _same level but on crossing tracks_: ... b) **(10)** minutes if _navigation aids_ permit frequent determination of position and speed. source: https://ops.group/blog/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/ICAO-Doc4444-Pans-Atm-16thEdition-2016-OPSGROUP.pdf

Question 28

When longitudinal separation minima are based on distance, distance is determined using **(...)** and/or **(...)**.

Answer 28

When longitudinal separation minima are based on distance, distance is determined using **(DME)** and/or **(GNSS)**.

Question 29

Of the items of a position report, **(...)** may be omitted if SSR Mode C is used.

Answer 29

Of the items of a position report, **(FL or altitude)** may be omitted if SSR Mode C is used.

Question 30

Longitudinal separation minima based on _time_ for aircraft _climbing or descending on crossing tracks_: ... b) **(...)** minutes while vertical separation does not exist if navigation aids permit frequent determination of position and speed.

Answer 30

Longitudinal separation minima based on _time_ for aircraft _climbing or descending on crossing tracks_: ... b) **(10)** minutes while vertical separation does not exist if navigation aids permit frequent determination of position and speed. * note: same as climbing or descending on the same track.* source: https://ops.group/blog/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/ICAO-Doc4444-Pans-Atm-16thEdition-2016-OPSGROUP.pdf

Question 31

The aircraft in the attachment are on **(the same/reciprocal/crossing)** track(s). source:https://ops.group/blog/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/ICAO-Doc4444-Pans-Atm-16thEdition-2016-OPSGROUP.pdf

Answer 31

The aircraft in the attachment are on **(the same)** track(s). source:https://ops.group/blog/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/ICAO-Doc4444-Pans-Atm-16thEdition-2016-OPSGROUP.pdf

Question 32

Longitudinal separation minima based on _distance_ for aircraft _at the same cruising level on the same track_: a) **(...)** NM; b) **(...)** NM provided the leading aircraft maintains a true airspeed of _20 kt or more_ faster than the succeeding aircraft.

Answer 32

Longitudinal separation minima based on _distance_ for aircraft _at the same cruising level on the same track_: a) **(20)** NM; b) **(10)** NM provided the leading aircraft maintains a true airspeed of _20 kt or more_ faster than the succeeding aircraft. * note: shall also apply for aircraft on crossing tracks.* source: https://ops.group/blog/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/ICAO-Doc4444-Pans-Atm-16thEdition-2016-OPSGROUP.pdf

Question 33

Longitudinal separation minima based on _distance_ for aircraft _climbing or descending on the same track_: **(...)** NM while vertical seperation does not exist;

Answer 33

Longitudinal separation minima based on _distance_ for aircraft _climbing or descending on the same track_: **(10)** NM while vertical seperation does not exist; source: https://ops.group/blog/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/ICAO-Doc4444-Pans-Atm-16thEdition-2016-OPSGROUP.pdf

Question 34

Minimum longitudinal separation between turbojet aircraft _based on Mach no._ on the same track, whether in level, climbing or descending flight shall be: 1) **(...)** minutes when the preceding aircraft has a true Mach number _equal to_ or greater than the following aircraft; or 2) the following: — **(...)** minutes, if the preceding aircraft is Mach 0.02 faster than the following aircraft; ... — **(...)** minutes, if the preceding aircraft is Mach 0.05 faster than the following aircraft; ...

Answer 34

Minimum longitudinal separation between turbojet aircraft based on Mach no. on the same track, whether in level, climbing or descending flight shall be: 1) **(10)** minutes when the preceding aircraft has a true Mach number _equal to_ or greater than the following aircraft; or 2) the following: *- total is always 11! -* **— (9) minutes, if the preceding aircraft is Mach 0.02 faster than the following aircraft;** 2+9=11 — **(8)** minutes, if the preceding aircraft is Mach 0.03 faster than the following aircraft; 3+8=11 — **(7)** minutes, if the preceding aircraft is Mach 0.04 faster than the following aircraft; etc. **— (6) minutes, if the preceding aircraft is Mach 0.05 faster than the following aircraft;** etc. — (5) minutes, if the preceding aircraft is Mach 0.06 faster than the following aircraft.

Question 35

The two main methods for _horizontal seperation_ are **(...)** and **(...)** seperation.

Answer 35

The two main methods for horizontal seperation are **(lateral)** and **(longitudinal)** seperation.

Question 36

Of the items in a position report, **(...)** shall be included in the initial call after a _change_ of air-ground voice communication channel.

Answer 36

Of the items in a position report, **(flight level or altitude)** shall be included in the initial call after a change of air-ground voice communication channel.

Question 37

Minimum longitudinal separation between turbojet aircraft _based on Mach no._ on the same track, whether in level, climbing or descending flight shall be: 1) **(...)** minutes when the preceding aircraft has a true Mach number _equal to_ or greater than the following aircraft; or 2) the following: ... — **(...)** minutes, if the preceding aircraft is Mach 0.04 faster than the following aircraft; ... — **(...)** minutes, if the preceding aircraft is Mach 0.06 faster than the following aircraft.

Answer 37

Minimum longitudinal separation between turbojet aircraft based on Mach no. on the same track, whether in level, climbing or descending flight shall be: 1) **(10)** minutes when the preceding aircraft has a true Mach number _equal to_ or greater than the following aircraft; or 2) the following: *- total is always 11! -* — **(9)** minutes, if the preceding aircraft is Mach 0.02 faster than the following aircraft; 2+9=11 — **(8)** minutes, if the preceding aircraft is Mach 0.03 faster than the following aircraft; 3+8=11 **— (7) minutes, if the preceding aircraft is Mach 0.04 faster than the following aircraft;** etc. — **(6)** minutes, if the preceding aircraft is Mach 0.05 faster than the following aircraft; etc. **— (5) minutes, if the preceding aircraft is Mach 0.06 faster than the following aircraft.**

Question 38

Special air-reports shall be made by all aircraft whenever the following conditions are encountered or observed: ## Footnote **(list at least three)**

Answer 38

Special air-reports shall be made by all aircraft whenever the following conditions are encountered or observed: a) moderate or severe turbulence; or b) moderate or severe icing; or c) severe mountain wave; or d) thunderstorms, without hail that are obscured, embedded, widespread or in squall lines; or e) thunderstorms, with hail that are obscured, embedded, widespread or in squall lines; or f) heavy duststorm or heavy sandstorm; or g) volcanic ash cloud; or h) pre-eruption volcanic activity or a volcanic eruption. In addition, in the case of transonic and supersonic flight: i) moderate turbulence; or j) hail; or k) cumulonimbus clouds.

Question 39

Longitudinal separation minima based on _distance_ for aircraft _at the same cruising level on crossing tracks_: a) **(...)** NM; b) **(...)** NM provided the leading aircraft maintains a true airspeed of _20 kt or more_ faster than the succeeding aircraft.

Answer 39

Longitudinal separation minima based on _distance_ for aircraft _at the same cruising level on crossing tracks_: a) **(20)** NM; b) **(10)** NM provided the leading aircraft maintains a true airspeed of _20 kt or more_ faster than the succeeding aircraft. * note: shall also apply for aircraft on the same track.* source: https://ops.group/blog/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/ICAO-Doc4444-Pans-Atm-16thEdition-2016-OPSGROUP.pdf

Question 40

Longitudinal separation minima based on _time_ for aircraft _climbing or descending on the same track_: ... b) **(...)** minutes while vertical separation does not exist, provided that such separation is authorized only where _ground-based navigation aids or GNSS_ permit frequent determination of position and speed; or ...

Answer 40

Longitudinal separation minima based on _time_ for aircraft _climbing or descending on the same track_: ... b) **(10)** minutes while vertical separation does not exist, provided that such separation is authorized only where _ground-based navigation aids or GNSS_ permit frequent determination of position and speed; or ... * note: same as climbing or descending on crossing tracks.* source: https://ops.group/blog/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/ICAO-Doc4444-Pans-Atm-16thEdition-2016-OPSGROUP.pdf

Question 41

The meaning of the acronym *‘ADS’* is **(...)**.

Answer 41

The meaning of the acronym *‘ADS’* is **(Automatic Dependent Surveillance)**. ## Footnote *ADS is a surveillance technique in which aircraft automatically provide, via a data link, data derived from on-board navigation and position-fixing systems.*

Question 42

Longitudinal separation minima based on _time_ for aircraft _climbing or descending on the same track_: ... c) **(...)** minutes while vertical separation does not exist, provided that the level change is commenced _within 10 minutes of the time the second aircraft has reported over a common point_ which must be derived from ground-based navigation aids or by GNSS.

Answer 42

Longitudinal separation minima based on _time_ for aircraft _climbing or descending on the same track_: ... c) **(5)** minutes while vertical separation does not exist, provided that the level change is commenced _within 10 minutes of the time the second aircraft has reported over a common point_ which must be derived from ground-based navigation aids or by GNSS. source: https://ops.group/blog/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/ICAO-Doc4444-Pans-Atm-16thEdition-2016-OPSGROUP.pdf