01 Summary Flashcards
Luckily the money was on my desk when I arrived this morning.
An adverbial can be an adverb phrase (Luckily), prepositional phrase (on my desk) or noun phrase (this morning).
Those people over there.
Really nice.
Some adverbials come next to the word or phrase they modify.
Today the train actually left on time.
They come in front (Today), mid (actually) or end (on time) position.
slowly, with a smile
Adverbs of manner (how?)
here, at the post office.
yesterday, next week.
ages, for three weeks
Place and time
(where?)
(when?)
(how long?)
often, every week
Adverbs of frequency
how often?
very, a bit
Adverbs of degree
how?
only, especially
medically, from a political point of view
Focus and viewpoint
probably, on the whole
Truth adverbs
luckily, to our amusement
Comment adverbs
also, on the other hand
Linking adverbs
You were going very slowly.
We wanted to get back.
Adverb phrase: very slowly; back.
Catherine wasn’t at home.
You saw the police car in front of you.
Prepositional phrase: at home; in front of you.
We wanted to get home.
It happened last week.
Noun phrase: home; last week.
Catherine was with a babysitter.
We’d been to the cinema.
Sometimes an adverbial is necessary to complete a sentence: with a babysitter; to the cinema.
I can remember very well. You saw the police car in front of you.
But very often the adverbial is an extra element
The car in front of us was a police car. You were getting really impatient. They were going very slowly. They inspected the car thoroughly. Then you decided to overtake.
An adverbial can modify different parts of the sentence.
Here the adverbials add information about the noun car, the adjective impatient, the adverb slowly, the action inspected the car and the clause you decided.
We received a friendly greeting.
They greeted us in a friendly manner.
That isn’t very likely.
That probably won’t happen.
We cannot add ly to an adjective which already ends in ly. Instead we can either use a prepositional phrase with manner/way/fashion, or we can use another adverb.
NOT friendlily
We received a friendly greeting.
They greeted us in a friendly manner.
That isn’t very likely.
That probably won’t happen.
Some adjectives in “ly” are friendly, lively, lovely, silly, ugly, cowardly, lonely, costly, likely.
Louise caught the fast train.
The train was going quite fast.
Adjective.
Adverb.
We didn’t have a long wait.
We didn’t have to wait long.
Adjective.
Adverb.
I had an early night.
I went to bed early.
Adjective.
Adverb.
You can buy cassettes cheap/cheaply in the market.
Do you have to talk so loud/loudly?
Get there as quick/quickly as you can.
Go slow/slowly here.
Sometimes the adverb can be with or without “ly”. It is more informal to leave out “ly”.
Cheap(ly), loud(ly), quick(ly) and slow(ly) are the most common. Others are
direct(ly), tight(ly) and fair(ly).
You’ve all worked hard.
I’ve got hardly any money.
There are some pairs which have different meanings. (hardly any = almost no)
