01: Clinical Morphology of the Chest & Physical Diagnosis Flashcards
1
Q
What are the alveoli?
A
The gas exchanging portions of the lung.
2
Q
What four pulmonary conditions are leading causes of death in the world?
A
COPD, acute lower respiratory tract infections, lung cancer and tuberculosis.
3
Q
What is a spirogram?
A
A recording of breathing.
Shows a flow-volume loop, which graphically depicts the rate of airflow on the Y-axis and the total volume inspired or expired on the X-axis
4
Q
Describe the flow-volume pattern of restrictive physiology.
A
Total air less than expected.
5
Q
Describe the flow-volume pattern of obstructive physiology.
A
Expiration occurs more slowly.
6
Q
Describe the left/right bronchi divisions.
A
- Divide at main carina
-
Right main bronchus
- Right upper lobe: 3 segments
- Right middle lobe: 2 segments
- Right lower lobe: 5 segments
-
Left main bronchus
- Left upper lobe: 3 segments
- Lingula: 2 segments
- Lew lower lobe: 5 segments
7
Q
Describe a normal CXR.
A
- Pulmonary vessels only structures seen within air-filled lung.
- Branch, taper and are barely visible as they reach the pleura
- Bronchi barely visible beyond inner third of lung
8
Q
Describe ground-glass opacification.
A
- Synonyms: foggy, hazy, semiopaque
- Lung intermediate shade of gray, but pulmonary vessels visible within gray areas.
- Diminished aeration may be due to:
- Partial alveoli filling
- Thickened interstitium encroaching upon the alveoli
- Hypoventilation and atelectasis (partial/complete lung collapse)
- Causes:
- Atelectasis
- Aspiration pneumonitis
- Infection (e.g., pneumocystis)
- Edema, ARDS
- Pulmonary hemorrhage
- Idiopathic
9
Q
Describe reticular.
A
- Synonyms: linear and irregular
- Acute or chronic thickening of interlobular septa or bronchovascular bundles cause linear or lacelike thickening.
- May be smooth or irregular
- Causes
- Edema (Kerley lines)
- Lymphangitic tumor
- Sarcoidosis
- Langerhans histiocytosis (eosinophilic granuloma)
- Fibrosis (any cause)
