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Gen-Nav > 01 Basic of Navigation > Flashcards

01 Basic of Navigation Flashcards

ATPL GEN-NAV

1
Q

A ‘Kilometre’ is a unit of measurement equal to:

A

a 1/10,000 part of the meridian length from equator to pole.

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2
Q

Position “Elephant Point” is situated at (58°00’N, 135°30’W). Standard time for this location is listed in the Air Almanac as UTC -8. If sunset occurs at 00:57 UTC on 21st January, what is the time of Sunset in LMT?

A

15:55 on January 20th.
……………………………………….
Sunrise and Sunset times are in Local Mean Time.
Arc to Time Conversion for 135°30’W
= 135.5 x 4 minutes
= 542 minutes
= 9 hours 2 minutes
Conversion is from East to West therefore subtract:
00:57 UTC on 21st January
09:02
15:55 LMT on 20th January

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3
Q

Which statement is correct about the apparent solar day?

A

The apparent solar day is the period between two successive transits of the true Sun through the same meridian.

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4
Q

The angle between Magnetic North and Compass North is called:

A

compass deviation
……………………………
Magnetic/Compass = deviation. True/Magnetic = variation.

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5
Q

An aircraft is in the position (86ºN, 020ºE). When following a rhumb line track of 085º(T) it will:

A

fly via a spiral to the North Pole.

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6
Q

Given:

Waypoint 1: 60°S 030°W
Waypoint 2: 60°S 020°W
What will be the approximate latitude shown on the display unit of an inertial navigation system at longitude 025°W?

A

060°06’S

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7
Q

A nautical mile is equivalent to:

A

1852 metres

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8
Q

The first law of Kepler states:

A

Planets move in elliptic orbits with the sun in one of the foci.
……………………………
Kepler’s Laws of Planetary motion:

First: The orbit of each planet is an ellipse with the sun at one of the foci.

Second: The line joining the planet to the Sun, known as the radius vector, sweeps out equal area in equal time.

Third: The square of the time the planet takes to go around the Sun (its ‘year’) is proportional to the cube of its mean distance from the Sun.

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9
Q

‘Apparent time’ is:

A

based on the time of transit of the apparent (or true) Sun.

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10
Q

Isogrivs are lines that connect positions that have:

A

Isogrivs are lines that connect positions that have:

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11
Q

The duration of civil twilight is the time:

A

between sunset and when the centre of the sun is 6° below the celestial horizon.

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12
Q

The great circle distance between position A (59°34.1’N 008°08.4’E) and B (30°25.9’N 171°51.6’W) is:

A

5400 NM
………………………………….
Note that there is no common longitude, meaning the question can not be a simple change of latitude problem.

There is also no common latitude, meaning the question can not be a simple change of longitude either.

The next check will be the two longitudes. If these add up to 180° and they are in opposite hemispheres (East and West) then they are directly opposite each other.

Provided the two positions are also in the same Northern (or Southern) Hemisphere then the shortest route between the two points will be over the relevant Pole.

Flying north along one meridian to the North Pole and then south along another meridian is a ‘polar transit’.

The simplest method of calculating ‘polar transit’ distances is to:

  1. Add the two latitudes
  2. Subtract the sum of the two latitudes from 180°
  3. Multiply the solution (in degrees) by 60 (minutes) to convert to minutes along a meridian of longitude, and thus into nautical miles

N 59°34.1’ + N 30°25.9’ = 90°

180° - 90° = 90°

90° x 60’ = 5,400’ = 5,400 nm

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13
Q

When proceeding, on a given date, along a parallel towards the East, the moment of sunrise will occur one hour earlier every 15° difference in longitude when it is expressed in:

A

UTC

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14
Q

A great circle track joins positions A (59°S 141°W) and B (61°S 148°W). How does the great circle track change when flying from A to B?

A

It increases by 6°.
……………………….
Calculate Earth convergence using the equation Convergence = Chlongº x sine mean lat.

Apply the Earth convergence using the memory aid below:

trackin west tracking east
- / +
—————————- Equator
+ / -

Earth convergence = 7 x sine 60º = 6º

Southern hemisphere and tracking East (westerly longitude decreasing) = Increasing track direction.

The great circle track will increase by 6º.

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15
Q

The time difference in Local Mean Time between sunset at positions A (50°N, 120°E) and B (50°S, 120°E) on the 21st of November is:

A

some hours and the Sun rises earlier in B than in A.

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16
Q

An aircraft at latitude 02°20’N tracks 360°(T) for 685 km. On completion of the flight the latitude will be:

A

08°29’N
………………………..
A change of latitude of 1° = 60 NM, 1 minute of latitude = 1 NM.
Firstly, convert the ground distance from km into NM.
685 k m ÷ 1.852 = 370 NM (rounded up)

Convert this into minutes of arc.

370 NM = 370’

Convert this into degrees and minutes.

Change of Latitude = 370’ ÷ 60’ = 6°10’

The change of latitude is in a northerly direction (360°T) from a northerly latitude (N02°20’). Therefore, add the change of latitude from the original, known latitude to calculate the new, unknown latitude.

New Latitude = N02°20’ + 6°10’ = 08º30’

New Latitude = N08º29’ closest answer

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17
Q

The north and south magnetic poles are the only positions on the earth’s surface where:

A

a freely suspended compass needle would stand vertical

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18
Q

What is the change in longitude from point A (N45° E165°30’) to point B (N45° W155°40’)?

A

38°50’E

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19
Q

An aircraft at position 00°00’N/S 163°27’W flies a track of 225°(T) for 70 NM. What is its new position?

A

00°49’S 164°16’W
……………………….
The new position is S 00°49’ W 164°16’.

Background Information

There are several of this type of question in the question bank.

There are no calculations required, merely common sense and a process of elimination.

You are staring at the Equator at W 163°27’ and proceeding on a track of 225T, which is a westerly track.

Therefore, the final position must be SOUTH and WEST of the start point.

The two answers stating positions at N 00°49’ can be discarded.

Next, the position must be to the West of W 163°27’; therefore, W 162°38’, the position to the East of W 163°27’ can also be discarded.

This only leaves S 00°49’ W 164°16’.

Exam statistics

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20
Q

Assuming the Earth to be a perfect sphere:

A

a 1 minute arc of a great circle measured on the surface of the Earth will be of equal length wherever it is measured.

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21
Q

Given: The coordinates of the heliport at Issy les Moulineaux are N48°50’ E002°16.5’. What are the coordinates of the position directly on the opposite side of the earth?

A

S48°50’ W177°43.5’
………………………………
The latitude will be the same but South instead of North. The longitude will be 180º away: 002º16.5’E + 180º = 182º16.5’ so longitude = 360º - 182º16.5’ = 177º43.5W

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22
Q

The GMT of Morning Civil Twilight at (66º48’N, 095º26’W) on 27th of January is?

A

1436 GMT

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23
Q

Standard time for some areas is listed in the Air Almanac as UTC +13 instead of UTC -11. The reason for this is:

A

to keep the same date as the political and/or economical entity to which they belong.

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24
Q

Near the magnetic pole

A

the horizontal component of the earth’s magnetic field is too small to permit the use of a magnetic compass.

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25
Q

On which occasions do the rhumb line tracks and the great circle tracks coincide on the surface of the Earth?

A

On tracks directly North - South and on East - West tracks along the Equator.

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26
Q

Consider the following statements on the properties of a great circle:

A

A great circle running through two positions on the surface of the Earth is the shortest distance between these two positions.

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27
Q

When using latitude and longitude for a place:

A

the location of this place, on the Earth’s surface, is defined.

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28
Q

The Local Mean Time at longitude 095°20’W, at 0000 UTC, is:

A

1738:40 previous day
……………………………………..
Time: 00:00:00 UTC

95.3º x 4 mins: 6:21:20 “Longitude West Greenwich best”: take it away.

Time: 17:38:40 LMT previous day.

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29
Q

A route is drawn from 75°00’N, 060°00’E to 75°00’N, 030°00’W on a Polar Stereographic chart with the grid aligned with the Greenwich meridian. The Grid Track is:

A

255º(G)
…………………………….
Northern Hemisphere
Position east of the reference meridian: Grid = True - Convergence
Position west of the reference meridian: Grid = True + Convergence

Southern Hemisphere
Position east of the reference meridian: Grid = True + Convergence
Position west of the reference median: Grid = True - Convergence

No directional information is given but as A and B are on the same parallel of latitude then the Vertex is at the mid point.

Vertex at 015°E
True Track direction at the Vertex = 270°(T)
Convergence (at 015°E) = 15°

Northern Hemisphere and East of Reference Meridian

Grid Track = True Track - Convergence

= 270° - 15° = 255°(G)

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30
Q

One minute of an arc of a meridian is equal to:

A

1 NM
………………….
One minute of an arc of a meridian is equal to 1 nm.

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31
Q

Given: Compass Heading 233° True Track 256° Drift Angle 10°R Deviation -3°

What is the variation?

A 
16°E
.....................
True Track= 256°
Drift Angle = 10°R
Drift is FROM Heading TO Track, therefore:
True Heading = 246°
C D M V T
233° -3° 230° 16°E 246°
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32
Q

In order to fly from position A (10°00’N, 030°00’W) to position B (30°00’N, 050°00’W), maintaining a constant true course, it is necessary to fly:

A

a rhumb line track

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33
Q

The ‘departure’ between positions 60°N 160°E and 60°N ‘x’ is 900 NM. What is the longitude of ‘x’ when flying eastbound?

A

170°W

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34
Q

If an aeroplane was to circle around the Earth following parallel 60°N at a ground speed of 480 kt. In order to circle around the Earth along the equator in the same amount of time, it should fly at a ground speed of:

A

960 kt

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35
Q

If the Compass Heading is 265°, variation is 33° W and deviation is 3°E, what is the True Heading?

A 
235°
.....................
CH:    265º
Dev:   E03º
MH:    268º
VAR: W33º
TH:     235º
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36
Q

A rhumb line from a position 86°N 30°W has an initial track of 085°T is it:

A

a spiral to the North pole

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37
Q

What is the time required to travel along the parallel of latitude 60° N between meridians 010° E and 030° W at a groundspeed of 480 kt?

A

2 HR 30 MIN
………………………..
ChLong = 40º. Departure = 40º x 60 x cos60º = 2400 x 0.5 = 1200nm

1200/480 = 2.5 hours.

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38
Q

Which of the following statements regarding meridians is correct?

A

Meridians are parallel only at the equator.

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39
Q

Use the Air Almanac Tables.

The UTC of sunrise on 6th December at Winnipeg, Canada (49°50’N 097°30’W) is:

A 
1413
....................
The almanac gives the time on the nearest day and latitude as:
Sunrise at 50ºN           07:43 LMT
97½ºW at 4 min/º           6:30
Sunrise at 50ºN           14:13 UTC
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40
Q

The maximum difference between geocentric and geodetic latitude occurs at about:

A

45° North and South.

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41
Q

Use the Air Almanac Tables.

When it is 0600 Standard Time in Queensland (Australia) the Standard Time in Hawaii (USA) is:

A

1000

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42
Q

The reason that the solar day lasts longer than the sidereal day is that:

A

both the direction of rotation of the Earth around its axis and its orbital rotation around the Sun are the same.

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43
Q

An aircraft at position 60°N 005°W tracks 090°(T) for 315 km. On completion of the flight the longitude will be:

A

000°40’E

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44
Q

An aircraft’s position is give as 80°00’S 140°00’E and it is tracking 025° (G).

If the grid is aligned with the Greenwich Anti-Meridian, the true track is:

A

065°T

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45
Q

The main reason for the occurrence of seasons on Earth is:

A

the inclination of the Earth’s axis with regard to the plane of the ecliptic.

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46
Q

At 0000 Local Mean Time of an observer:

A

the mean Sun is in transit with the observer’s anti-meridian.

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47
Q

On the 27th of February, at 52°S and 040°E, the sunrise is at 0243 UTC. On the same day, at 52°S and 035°W, the sunrise is at:

A

0743 UTC
…………………………
The Earth moves around the Sun at a rate of 4 minutes per degree of longitude. The question is asking for the time of sunrise at the same latitude (52ºS), on the same day (27th February) after travelling through 75º change of longitude (from 040ºE to 035ºW):

Sunrise at 52ºS 02:43 UTC at 040ºE on 27th

75º Ch Long at 4m/º 5:00

Sunrise at 52ºS 07:43 UTC at 035ºW on 27th

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48
Q

An aircraft flies a great circle track from 56°N 070°W to 62°N 110°E. The total distance travelled is?

A

3720 NM”

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49
Q

You are flying from A (N50­­­­­­­­­­­­­° W010­­­­­­­­­­­­­°) to B (N58­­­­­­­­­­­­­° E002­­­­­­­­­­­­°). If the initial great circle track is 047­­­­­­­­­­­­­°T what is the final great circle track

A

57­­­­­­­­­­­­­°­­­­­

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50
Q

The direction of Magnetic North at a certain position coincides with the direction of:

A

the horizontal component of the Earth’s magnetic field.

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51
Q

Location A is at 50ºN 030ºW and location B is at 50ºS 030ºW. On 27th November it is noted that:

A

sunrise will be later at A than it is at B and sunset will be earlier at A than it is at B.

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52
Q

Which one of the following statements about rhumb lines is most correct?

A

Most rhumb lines will run as spirals from one pole to the other.

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53
Q

An observer is situated on the parallel of 23.5°S. Which statement about the passage of the apparent Sun in relation to this position is correct?

A

It passes through the zenith once a year around December 22nd.
…………………………….
Zenith is a position in space that is directly above the observer. The sun will only be directly above S23º30’ once every year, namely at the winter solstice around the 22nd of December.

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54
Q

Route A - B is drawn on a Southern Polar Stereographic chart whose grid is aligned with the Greenwich meridian. The true track of the straight line at A is 120°. When passing the meridian 100°E the true track is 090°. The grid track of this route on the chart is:

A

190º(G)
…………………………..
Convergence (at 100°E) = 100°
Southern Hemisphere and East of Reference Meridian
Grid Track = True Track + Convergence
= 090° + 100° = 190°(G)
(The True Track direction of 120° at A is irrelevant as the position of A is unknown)

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55
Q

A VOR is situated at position 74ºN, 094ºW. Local variation is 50ºW. A polar stereographic chart supplied with a Greenwich grid is used for navigation. To proceed along (magnetic) radial 238 inbound an aircraft has to follow a Grid Track of:

A

102º
………………………
Magnetic Track = 058°(M) remember INBOUND along the radial.
Variation West Magnetic Best

True Track = 008°(T)

Convergence (at 94°W) = 94°

Northern Hemisphere and West of Reference Meridian

Grid Track = True Track + Convergence

= 008° + 94° = 102°(G)

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56
Q

An aircraft departs from Schiphol airport (where ST = UT+1) and flies to Santa Cruz in Bolivia (South America) via Miami in Florida.

Departure time (off blocks) is 07:45 ST on the 10th of November.

Taxi time before take off at Schiphol is 25 minutes.

Flight time to Miami over the Atlantic Ocean is 9 hrs 20min.

Total taxi time in Miami to and from the gate is 25 minutes.

Time spent at the gate is 2 hrs 40min.

From Miami to Santa Cruz the airborne time is 6 hrs 30min.

Calculate the time and date of touch down in Santa Cruz, Bolivia (standard time) if the difference between ST and UTC is 5 hours.

(Note: use the information given, not ST tables)

A

21:05 10th Nov.

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57
Q

Morning Civil twilight begins when:

A

the centre of the Sun is 6° below the celestial horizon.

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58
Q

An aircraft at latitude 10°N flies South at a groundspeed of 444 km/hr. What will its latitude be after 3 hours?

A

02°S

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59
Q

A day at any place, as measured in local mean time, starts:

A

when the mean Sun transits the anti meridian of the place in question.

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60
Q

An aircraft passes position A (60°00’N 120°00’W) en route to position B (60°00’N 140°30’W). What is the great circle track on departure from A?

A

279°

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61
Q

When the length of the day is measured with reference to the passage of the apparent Sun:

A

the length of the day will vary in the course of a year.

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62
Q

Which statement is true?

A

The declination of the sun and the latitude of the observer will affect the duration of civil twilight.

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63
Q

A route is flown from 85°S, 100°E to 85°S, 140°W. At 160°E the Grid Track and True track on a polar stereographic chart with a grid orientated on the 180º meridian are, respectively:

A

070°(G) and 090°(T)

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64
Q

A great circle intersects the equator in 030°W with a great circle direction of 035°(T). An aircraft tracking the great circle will reach the maximum Northern/Southern latitude in position:

A

55°N, 060°E

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65
Q

The great circle bearing of position B from position A in the Northern Hemisphere is 040°. If the Conversion Angle is 4°, what is the great circle bearing of A from B?

A

228°
……………………………
The reciprocal of 40° is 220° and that is measured at A.

The question asks you for the track from B to A, measured at B.

Convergency between A and B = 8°

GCT at B > GCT at A

GCT at B = GCT at A + Convergency

GCT at B = 040° + 8°

GCT at B = 048°

Reciprocal of 048° = 228°

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66
Q

How does the convergence of any two meridians on the Earth change with varying latitude?

A

It changes as the sine of the latitude.

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67
Q

Deviation applied to magnetic heading gives:

A

compass heading.

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68
Q

The angle between the plane of the ecliptic and the plane of equator is approximately:

A

23.5°
…………………………….
The plane of the Earth’s orbit around the Sun. Because of the tilt of the Earth’s axis the Sun moves between being overhead the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn at 23.5ºN and 23.5ºS.

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69
Q

What is the latitude of the polar circles?

A

66.5° N/S
……………………..
The principal latitudes on the Earth are:

  • North Pole - N90°
  • Arctic Circle - N66½°
  • Tropic of Cancer - N23½°
  • Equator - 00°* Tropic of Capricorn - S23½°
  • Antarctic Circle - S66½°
  • South Pole - S90°
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70
Q

The long term periodic change in the Earth’s Magnetic Field

A

is reflected in the slow movement of the magnetic poles.
………………………………
The magnetic poles are in constant, slow movement and it is this movement that cause changes in the Earth’s magnetic field over time.

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71
Q

In the Northern Hemisphere the rhumb line track from position A to B is 230°, the convergence is 6° and the difference in longitude is 10°. What is the initial rhumb line track from B to A?

A

050°
…………………….
If the rhumb line from A to B is 230 o the rhumb line from B to A is the reciprocal: 230 o - 180 o = 050 o.

The information about convergency and difference in longitude is of no relevance.

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72
Q

The Directive Force:

A

is the component of the Earth’s magnetic field which aligns the compass needle.

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73
Q

How long is 25km at 60­­­­­­­­­­­­­°00’N?

A

13.5 nautical miles.

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74
Q

The variation at a position is 13°W and the true track is 136°.
Which one of the following statements is true?

A

The magnetic track is 149°.

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75
Q

An aircraft flies the following rhumb line tracks and distances from position 04°00’N 030°00’W: 600 NM South, then 600 NM East, then 600 NM North, then 600 NM West. The final position of the aircraft is:

A

04°00’N 029°58’W

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76
Q

An aircraft at latitude 02°20’N tracks 180°(T) for 685 km. On completion of the flight the latitude will be:

A

03°50’S

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77
Q

If you are flying along a parallel of latitude, you are flying:

A

a rhumb line track.

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78
Q

Which statement is true?

A

The declination of the sun and the latitude of the observer will affect the duration of civil twilight.

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79
Q

Which statement about ST is true?

A

Standard time is determined by the government of the appropriate state and does not necessarily follow the borders of 15° wide longitude zones.

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80
Q

A flight is to be made from A (49°S 180°E/W) to B (58°S 180°E/W).

The approximate distance from A to B is:

A

1000 km
………………………..
You are travelling along the Greenwich anti-meridian (180° E/W) between 49°S and 58°S.

Change of latitude = 58°S - 49°S (Same hemisphere = SUBTRACT)

Change of latitude = 9°

9° change of latitude x 60’ = 540’ change of latitude

In terms of change of latitude, 540’ = 540 nm

This answer is not on offer!

1 nm = 1.852 km

540 nm x 1.852 = 1,000km

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81
Q

The compass needle marked red:

A

is called ‘The North-seeking Pole’.

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82
Q

A flight is planned from A (N37°00.0’ W/E000°00.0’) to B (N46°00.0’ W/E000°00.0’). The distance in kilometres from A to B is approximately:

A

1000 km

……………………….

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83
Q

How many small circles can be drawn between any two points on a sphere?

A

An unlimited number.

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84
Q

What is a ‘vertex’?

A

The point on a great circle with greatest latitude.

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85
Q

If True HDG is 165­­­­­­­­­­­­­° and variation is -3­­­­­­­­­­­­­° what is the magnetic heading?

A

Variation is negative (Westerly), therefore magnetic heading is 168­­­­­­­­­­­­­°.

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86
Q

An aircraft is following the 45°N parallel of latitude. The track followed is a:

A

rhumb line

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87
Q

The agonic line:

A

follows separate paths out of the North polar regions, one currently running through western Europe and the other through the USA.

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88
Q

Assume a North polar stereographic chart whose grid is aligned with the Greenwich meridian. An aircraft flies from the geographic North pole for a distance of 900 NM along the E090° meridian, then follows a grid track of 150°G for a distance of 480 NM. Its position is now approximately:

A

N70° E070°

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89
Q

“A” latitude is 00°N/S “B” is located at 33°N, 101°E. True track (great circle) from “A” to “B”, at “B”, is 090°. The initial true track of the great circle at “A” is:

A

057°

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90
Q

What is the meaning of the term ‘standard time’?

A

It is the time set by the legal authorities for a country or part of a country.

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91
Q

Which of the following alternatives is correct when you cross the International Date Line?

A

The date will increase if you are crossing on a westerly heading.

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92
Q

At what approximate date is the earth closest to the sun (perihelion)?

A

Beginning of January

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93
Q

For 1st February the Air Almanac lists the following data:

Latitude: N66°00’

Morning civil twilight: 0756

Sunrise: 0900

Sunset: 1528

Evening civil twilight: 1632

The duration of morning twilight at 66°00’N is:

A

1 hour 4 minutes and starts at 0756 LMT.

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94
Q

The horizontal component of the earth’s magnetic field:

A

is very small close to the magnetic poles.

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95
Q

The great circle track measured at A (45 00’N 010 00’W) from A to B (45 00’N 019 00’W) is approximately:

A

273°

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96
Q

When crossing the International Date Line, which of the following statements can be considered correct?

A

the date will increase crossing on a westerly heading

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97
Q

The circumference of the parallel of latitude at 60°N is approximately:

A

10 800 NM

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98
Q

What is the definition of magnetic variation?

A

The angle between True North and Magnetic North.

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99
Q

Route A - B is drawn on a polar stereographic chart with the grid aligned with the Greenwich meridian. The true track of the straight line at A is 060°. When passing the meridian 100°E, the true track is 090°. The grid track of this route on the chart is:

A

350º(G)

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100
Q

Which is the highest latitude at which the Sun will rise above the horizon and then set every day?

A

64°N

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101
Q

Preparing a chart for use of grid means:

A

selecting a meridian on the chart and drawing lines on the chart parallel to the meridian selected.

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102
Q

A negative (westerly) magnetic variation signifies that:

A

True North is East of Magnetic North

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103
Q

What is the final position after the following rhumb line tracks and distances have been followed from position 60°00’N 030°00’W?

South for 3600 NM

East for 3600 NM

North for 3600 NM

West for 3600 NM.

The final position of the aircraft is:

A

60°00’N 090°00’W

104
Q

What is the difference between UTC and GMT?

A

UTC is slightly more accurate than GMT but the difference between the two is so small that it has no importance in the everyday navigation of aircraft.

105
Q

Consider the following statements:

A

The exact length of 1’ of a great circle arc varies a little from position to position because of the variation of the Earth’s radius.

106
Q

In which statement is the “Mean Sun” best described?

A

The mean sun is a fictitious sun coinciding each year with the apparent sun at the Spring Equinox and travelling along the celestial equator at uniform speed.

107
Q

Seasons are due to the:

A

inclination of the polar axis with the ecliptic plane.

108
Q

The Great Circle bearing from 70°S 030°W to 70°S 060°E is approximately:

A

132° (T)

109
Q

A Rhumb line is:

A

a line on the surface of the earth cutting all meridians at the same angle

110
Q

UTC stands for:

A

Co-ordinated Universal Time

111
Q

Given:

True Track = 245°

Drift = 5° right

Variation = 3°E

Compass Hdg = 242°

Calculate the deviation.

A 
5°W
..........................
True Track = 245°T
Drift = 5° Right
True Heading = 245°T - 5° = 240°T

C D M V T

True Heading = 240°T
Variation = 3° E (Variation EAST Magnetic LEAST)

Magnetic = 237°M
Deviation = ?

Compass Heading = 242° C

Difference between Magnetic and Compass Headings = DEVIATION = 5°

Compass is GREATER than Magnetic and therefore BEST

Deviation WEST Compass BEST

Deviation = 5°W

112
Q

Geodetic latitude and geocentric latitude coincide:

A

at the poles and on the equator.

113
Q

Position A is located on the equator at longitude 130°00E. Position B is located 100 NM from A on a bearing of 225°(T). The coordinates of position B are:

A

01°11’S 128°49’E
…………………………
If position B is South and West of 00ºN/S 130ºE then the latitude of B will be in the southern hemisphere (it cannot be 01º11’N) and the longitude is less than (to the West of) 130ºE (it cannot be 131º11’E). That only leaves us with 01º11’S 128º49’E.

114
Q

At what approximate date is the earth furthest from the Sun (aphelion)?

A

Beginning of July.

115
Q

What is the latitude of the Tropic of Capricorn?

A

23.5°S

116
Q

The horizontal component of the Earth’s magnetic field:

A

is approximately the same at magnetic latitudes 50°N and 50°S.

117
Q

When the time is 1400 LMT at 90° West, it is:

A

1200 LMT at 120° West.

118
Q

An aircraft at latitude 10° South flies north at a GS of 890 km/h. What will its latitude be after 1.5 hrs?

A

02°00’N

119
Q

Deviation on the standby compass is

A

dependent on the heading of the aircraft.

120
Q

Isogonic lines connect positions that have:

A

the same variation.

121
Q

The lines on the earth’s surface that join points of equal magnetic variation are called:

A

An isocline is a line of equal dip. An isogriv is a line of equal grivation (variation and convergence).

122
Q

What is the value of the magnetic dip at the magnetic south pole ?

A

Dip is minimum at the magnetic equator (0º), maximum at the magnetic poles (90º).

123
Q

5 hrs, 20 min and 20 sec corresponds to a longitude difference of:

A

80°05’
…………………
5 hrs 20 min 20 secs = (5 x 60) + 20.3 = 320.3 minutes.

Each degree of longitude is equivalent to four minutes in time.

320.3 minutes = 320.2/4 degrees of longitude = 80.075º = 80º05’

124
Q

A great circle on the Earth running from the North Pole to the South Pole is called:

A

a meridian.

125
Q

Given:

True track 348°

Drift 17° left

Variation 32° W

Deviation 4°E

What is the compass heading?

A

033°

126
Q

Directions are stated:

A

all given answers are correct.
………………………………….
A..in degrees in a 360 degree system, starting out clockwise from the reference direction.

B..in degrees with reference to True North when plotted with reference to the latitude/longitude grid on a chart.

C..as a number of degrees plus a reference direction.

127
Q

The direction “magnetic north” at a position on the earth is:

A

the direction of the horizontal component of the earth’s magnetic field at that position.

128
Q

The exact equation for calculating the convergence between two meridians running through two different positions is:

A

Convergence = Great Circle True Track (initial) - Great Circle True Track (final)

129
Q

The horizontal component of the Earth’s magnetic field:

A

is stronger closer to the magnetic equator.

130
Q

When is the magnetic compass most effective?

A

About midway between the magnetic poles
……………………….
It is most usable when there are no external influences acting on it.

At the magnetic equator (zero dip).

131
Q

The north and south magnetic poles are the only positions on the earth’s surface where:

A

a freely suspended compass needle would stand vertical
……………………
At the magnetic poles the angle of dip is 90º and a freely suspended magnet will align itself with the vertical flux lines of the Earth’s magnetic field.

132
Q

The rhumb line track between position A (45°00’N 010°00’W) and position B (48°30’N 015°00’W) is approximately:

A

315°

133
Q

Which statement about the duration of daylight is true?

A

Close to the equinoxes the influence of latitude on the duration of daylight is at its smallest.

134
Q

What is the duration of morning Civil Twilight at (66º48’N, 095º26’W) on 27th of January?

A

01h 13m

135
Q

What is meant by ‘Aphelion’?

A

The point of the Earth’s orbit furthest away from the Sun.

136
Q

The main reason that day and night, throughout the year, have different duration, is due to the:

A

inclination of the ecliptic to the equator
……………………….
The ecliptic is the plane of the Earth’s orbit around the Sun. The angle between the plane of the ecliptic and the plane of our orbit (about 23½º) means that the Sun is overhead different latitudes at different points on the orbit; i.e. throughout the year.

137
Q

Daylight Saving Time (Summer Time):

A

all answers are correct.
……………………………
A..is introduced by setting the standard time forward, usually by one hour.

B..all answers are correct.

C..is used to extend the sunlight period in the evening.

D..is used in some countries.

138
Q

Which statement about the orbit of the Earth is correct?

A

The orbit of the Earth around the Sun is an ellipse with the Sun at one of the foci.

139
Q

The initial great circle track from A to B is 080° and the rhumb line track is 083°. What is the initial great circle track from B to A and in which hemisphere are the two positions located?

A

266° and in the northern hemisphere.

140
Q

An aeroplane flies from A (59°S 142°W) to B (61°S 148°W) with a TAS of 480 kts. The autopilot is engaged and coupled with an Inertial Navigation System in which AB track is active. On route AB, the true track:

A

increases by 5°.

141
Q

An aircraft is on final approach to land at an aerodrome, on a 5% recommended gradient, at a range of 5.8 NM from the threshold.

What is the aircraft’s height above ground level?

A

1813 ft

142
Q

The value of magnetic variation:

A

has a maximum of 180°
……………………………..
On a line joining the True North Pole to the Magnetic North Pole variation will be 180º E/W

143
Q

Which definition of the equator is correct?

A

The equator is a great circle with its plane perpendicular to the Earth’s rotational axis.

144
Q

At (54°N, 020°W) the sun rises on November 28th at 09:01 UTC. At (44°N, 020°W) the sun will rise:

A

earlier since the latter position lies further South.

145
Q

The length of an apparent solar day is not constant because:

A

the Earth’s speed of revolution in its orbit varies continuously due to the orbit being elliptical.

146
Q

Use the Air Almanac tables.

An aircraft takes off from Guam at 2300 Standard Time on 30 April 2014. After a flight of 11 HR 15 MIN it lands at Los Angeles, California, USA. Referring to the Air Almanac, what is the Standard Time and local date of arrival (assume summer time).

A

1715 on 30 April 2014

147
Q

Kepler’s second law states that:

A

each planet revolves so that the radius vector, Sun to Earth, sweeps out in equal area at equal intervals of time.

148
Q

Route A - B is drawn on a Polar Stereographic chart with the grid aligned with the Greenwich meridian. The True Track of the straight line at A (75°N, 010°W) is 080°. What is the Grid Track when passing the meridian 050°E?

A

090º(G)

149
Q

Calculate the distance from position A (53°29’N 006°15.3’W) to position B, which is 20 NM north of Bremen (53°09’N 008°45’E).

A

536 NM

150
Q

The local hour angle of the mean Sun at 1200 LMT is:

A

000°

151
Q

Assuming the Earth to be a perfect sphere, the shortest distance between any two points on the surface of the Earth is:

A

a great circle.

152
Q

Route A - B is drawn on a polar stereographic chart with the grid aligned with the Greenwich meridian. The true track of the straight line at A (75°S, 010°W) is 080°. What is the Grid Track when passing the meridian 050°E?

A

070º(G)

153
Q

Use the Air Almanac Tables.

When is sunrise in Honolulu, Hawaii (N21°20’ W157°55’) on 10th April?

A

1617 UTC

154
Q

What is the correct definition of latitude of a position on the earth?

A

Latitude is the angle between the plane of the equator and the line from the centre of the earth to the position.

155
Q

Given the following: True track: 192°, Magnetic variation: 7°E, Drift angle: 5° left. What is the magnetic heading required to maintain the given track?

A

190°
……………………..
Track 192ºT Drift 5º Left (Port) = Heading 197ºT

Heading 197ºT Variation 7ºE = Heading 190ºM

156
Q

The distance along a meridian between 63°55’N and 13°47’S is:

A

4662 NM
……………………..
63°55’N + 13°47’S = 77°42’ ChLat = (77 x 60) + 42 = 4,662 nm

157
Q

In a sunrise/sunset table given for the 28th of June at a certain latitude, sunrise is given as 0239 hrs and sunset is given as 2127 hrs. What is the latitude?

A

60°N

158
Q

Use the Air Almanac Tables.

Calculate LMT for evening civil twilight at FUA AMOTO / NFTF airport (S21°14’28’’ W175°8’23’’) on 7th March.

A

1845

159
Q

How many degrees has the mean sun moved along the celestial equator in 8 hours and 8 minutes?

A

122°
…………………
8hrs 8mins = (8 x 60) + 8 = 488 minutes.

At 4 minutes per o of longitude = 488/4 = 120 o.

160
Q

Given: value for the flattening of the Earth is 1/298. Earth’s semi-major axis, as measured at the equator, equals 6378.4 km. What is the semi-minor axis (km) of the earth at the axis of the poles?

A

6 357.0
…………………………….
Remember that the semi-minor axis will always be shorter than the semi-major axis. Check all available answers carefully!

161
Q

The angle between True North and Magnetic North is called:

A

variation
……………………
The angle between True North and Magnetic North is called variation.

162
Q

The rhumb line track from N53°50’ E006°55’ to N53°00’ E003°00’ is 250°.
Calculate the final true track along the great circle:

A

248°

163
Q

The rhumb-line distance between points A (60°00’N 002°30’E) and B (60°00’N 007°30’W) is:

A

300 NM
……………………….
Departure = Change Longitude (‘) x Cosine Latitude

Departure = ((007°30’W - 002°30’E) x 60’) x Cosine 60°00’N

Departure = (10° x 60’) x 0.5

Departure = 600’ x 0.5

Departure = 300 NM

164
Q

When viewed from the location of the observer, if the Magnetic North Pole is West of the True North Pole variation is:

A

-ve and Westerly.

165
Q

What is the meaning of ecliptic?

A

The yearly apparent path of the Sun around the Earth.

166
Q

Compass deviation is defined as the angle between:

A

Magnetic North and compass North.

167
Q

An aircraft departs from position A (04°10’ S 178°22’W) and flies northward following the meridian for 2950 NM. It then flies westward along the parallel of latitude for 382 NM to position B. The coordinates of position B are?

A

45°00’N 172°38’E

168
Q

A route is flown from 80°S, 100°W to 80°S, 140°E. At 160°W the Grid Track and True Track on a polar stereographic chart with a grid orientated on the 180º meridian are, respectively:

A

290°(G) and 270°(T)

169
Q

Position A: 00° N/S

Position B: 33°N 101°E

True track (great circle) from A to B, measured at B: 090°

What is the initial true track of the great circle at point A?

A

057°

170
Q

When a magnetized compass needle is freely suspended in the Earth’s magnetic field, and is affected by extraneous magnetic influence, it will align itself with:

A

Compass North.

171
Q

Given: A (56°N , 145°E) B (57°N , 165°W) What is the difference in longitude between A and B?

A

050°

172
Q

Given:

True Track 245°

Drift 5° right

Variation 3° E

Compass Heading 242°

Calculate the Magnetic Heading.

A

237°

173
Q

An aircraft is flying with the aid of an autopilot connected to the Inertial Navigation System (INS). The following two waypoints have been entered in to the INS computer:

WPT 1: 60°N 030°W

WPT 2: 60°N 020°W

When passing 025°W the latitude shown on the display unit of the INS will be:

A

60°05.7’N

174
Q

An Agonic line is a line that connects:

A

positions that have 0° variation

175
Q

An aircraft leaves point A (75°N 50°W) and flies due North. At the North Pole it flies due South along the meridian 65°50’E until it reaches point B (75°N).

What is the total distance covered?

A

1800 NM

176
Q

Grid convergence is:

A

the difference in direction between Grid North and True North.

177
Q

The circumference of the earth is approximately:

A

21600 NM

178
Q

The direction of the Earth’s rotation on its axis is such that:

A

when observed from a point above the North Pole the rotation is counterclockwise.

179
Q

What is the longitude of a position 6 NM to the east of 58°42’N 094°00’W?

A

093°48.5’W

180
Q

A route is flown from 85°S, 100°E to 85°S, 140°W. At 180°E/W the Grid Track and True Track on a polar stereographic chart, whose grid is aligned with the Greenwich meridian are, respectively:

A

250°(G) and 070°(T)

181
Q

Given:

Grid track: 192°

Grid convergence: 48°W

Deviation: 2°W

Variation: 10°E

Find the magnetic heading when WCA is 9L.

A

MH 221°

182
Q

Given :

Point A: 55°N 000°E

Point B: 54°N 010°E

The average true course of the great circle is 100°.

What is the true course of the rhumb line at point A?

A

100°

183
Q

The time of sunrise at N45° W030° on 15th February is 09.01 UTC. What is the time of sunrise (UTC) at a lower latitude at W030°?

A

Earlier than 09.01 UTC

184
Q

The GMT of Sunrise at (66º48’N, 095º26’W) on 27th of January is?

A

1549 GMT

185
Q

What is the local mean time, position 65°25’N 123°45’W at 2200 UTC?

A

1345
………………
Time: 22:00 UTC

123.75ºW x 4 = 495 minutes = 8:15 ‘Longitude West Greenwich best’

Time 13:45 LMT

186
Q

As seen from an observer on the surface of the Earth:

A

the apparent Sun is always in the plane of the ecliptic.

187
Q

Consider the following statements on magnetic variation:

A

The variation is East when True North is located west of Magnetic North.

188
Q

Position A is 00°N 100°E. Position B is 240°(T), 200 NM from A.

What is the position of B?

A

01°40’S 097°07’E

189
Q

Which statement about meridians is correct?

A

A meridian and its anti-meridian form a complete great circle.

190
Q

You are flying from A (30°00’S 20°00’E) to B (30°00’S 20°00’W). What is the rhumb line track from A to B?

A

270° (T)

191
Q

Given the following information:

Standard Time Conversions

Queensland, Australia = List 1 (UTC + 10 hr)

Hawaii, USA = List 3 (UTC – 10 hr)

At 1200 Standard Time on 10th July in Queensland, Australia, what is the Standard Time in Hawaii, USA?

A

1600 ST, 9th July

192
Q

Depart A (25°N 175°W) on 7th January at 1423 LMT for destination B (15°N 155°E).

Difference between UTC and ST at A = 11 hours.

Difference between UTC and ST at B = 10 hours.

Great circle distance A-B = 1790 NM.

Average headwind component = 19 kts.

Average TAS = 400 kts.

Calculate the standard time and date of arrival at B.

A

January 8th at 1645

193
Q

You move from a lower to a higher southern magnetic latitude, the characteristics of the terrestrial magnetic field will change and:

A

the inclination will increase and the vertical component of the field will increase.

194
Q

When the Sun’s declination is northerly:

A

the daylight period is shorter in the southern hemisphere than in the northern hemisphere.

195
Q

An approximate equation for calculating the convergence between two meridians is:

A

Convergence = dlong x sin mean lat

196
Q

The reason that the solar day lasts longer than the sidereal day is that:

A

both the direction of rotation of the Earth around its axis and its orbital rotation around the Sun are the same.

197
Q

An aircraft is over position HO (55°30’N 060°15’W), where YYR VOR (53°30’N 060°15’W) can be received. The magnetic variation is 31°W at HO and 28°W at YYR. What is the radial from YYR?

A

028°

198
Q

An aircraft at position 60°00’N 005°12’W flies 165 km due West. What is the aircraft’s new position?

A

60°00’N 008°10’W

199
Q

You start from P (N70°00’ E015°00’) and fly westward along the parallel of latitude for 2 hours at a ground speed of 220kts. What is your position after two hours of flight?

A

006°26’W

200
Q

If you want to follow a constant true track value:

A

If you want to follow a constant true track value:

201
Q

Consider the positions (00ºN/S, 000ºE/W) and (00ºN/S, 180ºE/W) on the ellipsoid. Which statement about the distances between these positions is correct?

A

The route via the North Pole is shorter than the route along the equator.

202
Q

An aircraft at position 60°00’N 005°22’W flies 165km due East. What is the new position?

A

60°00’N 002°24’W

203
Q

When the time is 2000 UTC, it is:

A

1400 LMT at 90° West.

204
Q

What is the difference in latitude from 30°39’S 20°20’E to 45°23’N 40°40’E?

A

76°2’N

205
Q

Isogonals converge at:

A

the north and south geographic and magnetic poles.

206
Q

Which statement is correct?

A

The earth is one of the planets which are all moving in elliptical orbit around the sun.

207
Q

Which statement is correct about the true direction at the vertex of a great circle?

A

It is always either 090° or 270°.

208
Q

Two places on the parallel of 47ºS lie 757.8 km apart. Calculate the difference in longitude.

A

10º00’

209
Q

What is the location of the International Date Line?

A

In the vicinity of the W/E 180° meridian.

210
Q

The angle between the true great-circle track and the true rhumb-line track joining the following points: A (60° S 165° W) B (60° S 177° E), at the place of departure A, is:

A

7.8°

211
Q

Position A = 56°00.0’S 163°57.2’E

Position B = 56°00.0’S 171°47.4’W

For the route from A to B the:

A

great circle direction at B is 080.7°.

212
Q

Determine the distance between points A (45°00,0’N 010°00,0’W) and B (45°00,0’N 005°00,0’E).

A

636.4 NM

213
Q

The length of the apparent solar day varies continuously throughout a year. This is caused by:

A

the tilt of the Earth’s axis and the elliptical orbit of the earth around the Sun.

214
Q

Given:

Position A: 31º00’S, 176º17’W Rhumb line track from A to B: 270º T. Initial great circle track from A to B: 266.2º T.

The approximate position of B is:

A

31º00’S, 168º58’E

215
Q

In which two months of the year is the difference between the transit of the Apparent Sun and Mean Sun across the Greenwich Meridian the greatest?

A

February and November

216
Q

Which definition describes best the notion “Poles”?

A

The Poles are the points of intersection between the earth’s axis and the surface of the earth.

217
Q

When flying on a westerly great circle track in the Southern Hemisphere you will:

A

experience an increase in the value of true track.

218
Q

What is the highest latitude, listed below, at which the Sun will reach an altitude of 90° above the horizon at some time during the year?

A

23.5°

219
Q

The angular difference between the geographical meridian and the magnetic meridian running through the same position is named:

A

variation.

220
Q

On an oblate spheroid representing the earth’s shape:

A

1 minute of arc along the equator measures a greater distance than 1 minute of arc along the meridian at a latitude of 45ºN/S.

221
Q

Which statement about ST is true?

A

Standard time is determined by the government of the appropriate state and does not necessarily follow the borders of 15° wide longitude zones.

222
Q

In its path around the Sun, the vertical axis of the Earth has an inclination:

A

of 66°33’ with the plane of the path.

223
Q

Which of the following variables affect deviation? 1. magnetic latitude 2. aircraft heading 3. aircraft altitude 4. aircraft electronic equipment

A

1, 2 and 4

224
Q

Given:

Position A: N60° W020°

Position B: N60° W021°

Position C: N59° W020°

What are, respectively, the distances from A to B and from A to C?

A

30 NM and 60 NM

225
Q

The purpose of establishing a grid is to:

A

provide a system for directions where a great circle has a constant direction, even if its true direction varies.

226
Q

Mu’a, Tonga Islands, is situated at (21°11’S, 175°07’W)

In the Air Almanac the standard time of Tonga Islands is listed as UTC +13.

For August 21st the sunrise table in the Air Almanac shows:

20°S: 06:18

30°S: 06:28

What is the Standard Time of sunrise at Mu’a?

A

06:59 on August 22nd.

227
Q

Route A (N44­­­­­­­­­­­­­° E026­­­­­­­­­­­­­°) to B (N46­­­­­­­­­­­­­° E024­­­­­­­­­­­­­°) forms an angle of 35­­­­­­­­­­­­­° with longitude 026­­­­­­­­­­­­­°E. Average magnetic variation between A and B is 3­­­­­­­­­­­­­°E. What is the average magnetic course from A to B?

A

322­­­­­­­­­­­­­°

…………………..

228
Q

The diameter of the Earth is approximately:

A

12 700 km

229
Q

An aircraft departs position 40º 00´N 080º 00´E and flies a constant true track of 270º at a ground speed of 120 kts. What are the coordinates of the position reached in 6 hours?

A

N40º 00´ E064º 20´
………………………………
120kt X 6 = 720 720

divided by cos 40N=939.89 939.89

divided by 60=15.66 which is the same as 15*39” then take that away from 80E and you have your answer

230
Q

A day is defined as:

A

the period elapsed between two successive transits of the Sun over the observer’s local meridian

231
Q

Consider the following statements on meridians:

A

All meridians run in true direction from South to North.

232
Q

The maximum difference in distance when proceeding along the great circle between two positions, instead of the rhumb line, will occur:

A

on East-West tracks at high latitudes.

233
Q

In a particular position the horizontal and the total strength of the terrestrial magnetic field are the same. This position is:

A

at the magnetic equator.

234
Q

On the Earth’s ellipsoid one degree of latitude near the equator is:

A

less than 60 NM.

235
Q

What are the respective distance and True Track angle from A to B when the positions of A and B are situated on the same meridian? The latitude of A is 23º15’N and the latitude of B is 14º18’N.

A

537 NM and 180º

236
Q

The sidereal day is:

A

of constant duration.

237
Q

Assuming mid-latitudes (40° to 50°N/S). At which time of year is the relationship between the length of day and night, as well as the rate of change of declination of the sun, changing at the greatest rate?

A

Spring equinox and autumn equinox
…………………………………….
The greatest rate of change of declination is when the Sun is crossing the Equator at the Spring and Autumn Equinox.

238
Q

Kepler’s second law states that:

A

the radius vector Sun-Earth sweeps out equal areas in equal time.

239
Q

The definition of True North for any observer is

A

the direction of the observer’s meridian to the North Pole.
……………………………………
True North may, in practical terms, be Magnetic North corrected for local variation but that is not the definition. The definition is ‘the direction from the observer to the geographic North Pole, along the local meridian’.

240
Q

The declination of the Sun is defined as:

A

The angular distance of the Sun north or south of the celestial equator.

241
Q

An aircraft follows a great circle in the northern hemisphere. At a certain moment the aircraft is in the position on the great circle where the great circle direction is 270°(T). Continuing on the great circle the:

A

track angle will decrease and the latitude will decrease.

242
Q

An island is observed to be 30° to the right of the nose of the aircraft. The aircraft heading is 290°(M), variation 10°(E). The bearing °(T) from the aircraft to the island is:

A 
330
........................
Heading 290°M
Variation 10°E
Heading 300°T
Bearing 30° Right
Bearing 330°T
243
Q

A definition of a Magnetic Track angle is:

A

The direction of a line referenced to Magnetic North.
………………………….
A magnetic track is a line that has its direction given with reference to magnetic North.

244
Q

With an increase in magnetic latitude there will be a decrease in the:

A

directive force.

245
Q

Isogonals are lines of equal:

A

magnetic variation.
………………………………….
It’s a fact isogonals are lines of equal magnetic variation.

246
Q

What is the latitude of the Tropic of Cancer?

A

23.5°N

……………………

247
Q

Use the Air Almanac Tables.

When it is 1000 Standard Time in Kuwait, the Standard Time in Algeria is:

A

0800

248
Q

A route is flown from 80°S, 100°W to 80°S, 140°E. At 180°E/W the Grid Track and True Track on a Polar Stereographic chart, whose grid is aligned with the Greenwich meridian are, respectively:

A

110°(G) and 290°(T)

249
Q

The SR/SS table for the 23rd of February at latitude 40ºN gives:

SR = 06:44 SS = 17:44

At 12:00 Central European Time (UTC+1) at 40ºN:

A

the Sun rises at 64ºW.

250
Q

Which statement regarding the apparent Sun and the mean Sun is correct?

A

The apparent Sun is the visible sun, the mean Sun is a fictitious sun.

251
Q

What is the length of one degree of longitude at latitude 60° South?

A

30 NM
……………………….
Departure = ChLong(‘) x coslat = 60 x cos60° = 60 x 0.5 = 30 nm.

252
Q

Thule VOR is located at 76°32’N, 68°15’W. A polar stereographic chart with the grid aligned with the Greenwich meridian is to be used. The local variation is 75°W. Which grid track must be maintained to track radial 210°(M) inbound?

A

023°(G)

253
Q

The time interval between sunrise and sunset is dependent on:

A

The declination of the Sun and the latitude of the observer.

254
Q

Given: Position A 45°N, ?°E, Position B 45°N, 45°15’E, Distance A-B = 280 NM, B is to the East of A. Required: longitude of position A?

A

38°39’E

255
Q

Given:

Variation 6°W

Isogonic lines Jan 2002

Average annual increase 10’

Calculate the variation in 2005.

A

6.5°W

256
Q

Referring to the Earth’s magnetic field, which of the following statements is correct?

A

The inclination is 90° at the magnetic poles.

Gen-Nav (6 decks)

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