01/21 Flashcards
if you were to go to another planet and search for life, then which of the following criteria applies to finding out what their genetic material is?
A. Can replicate
B. Control the expression of traits
C. It has DNA
D. Able to change (adapt)
A,B, D
A. the ability to replicate and create more of something is essential to transmission as it allows the genetic material to be passed from parents to offspring
B. the core hereditary information codes for phenotypic expression which governs biological function
D. The ability to change is essential for the survival of a species as it introduces variation through mutation.
If everything was cloned and there was some natural disaster, it is likely that all the members of the species would be wiped out.
C. since we are on another planet, the hereditary information does not necessarily have to be in DNA, it could be some other molecule
What are the 4 criteria for genetic material
Information, Transmission, Replication, Variation
descrive information
information is what is used to construct an entire organism
describe transmission
transmission is the genetic material that must be passed from parents to offspring
what is replication
replication is the material that must be copied to create daughter cells from mother cells
what is variation
variation is the variability in genetic material that accounts for the known phenotype differences in a species
what was Hippocrates idea of the origin of hereditary units
pangenesis; the idea that particles from all cells in the body congregated in the genitals
what was Anton Van Leeuwenhoek’s idea of feritilization
he believed in spermatozoa and that sperm animals entered the egg to achieve fertilization
what is a homunculus
it is a complete human being inside of a sperm (spermist) or ovary (ovist)
when the egg and sperm unite, how do they contribute
equally
what was observed when they stained the nucleus of cells
long, threadlike bodies known as chromosomes
what is mitosis
it is the cell division where chromosomes are replicated and identical nuclei are segregated to produce identical daughter cells
who discovered chromosomal theory of inheritance
Sutton and Boveri 1902
are chromosomes pure DNA
no
are chromosomes individual
no they are in pairs as a homologous sets, one comes from either parent
where are genes and their alleles
they are on the chromosomes
When are alleles segregated from homologous chromosomes.
When is the homologous pair reformed
during meiosis they are segregated and during fertilization they are restored as a pair
Do polypeptides or DNA have more potential variation or different combinations
polypeptides have more potential variation as they have 20 different amino acids they could be comprised of, meanwhile DNA only has 4 nucleotides
what is bacteriophage
it is a virus that infects bacteria, they bind and inject their genetic information
what is a strain
it is a genetic variant or subgroup in a species with unique characteristics
what is the differences between the smooth strain and rough strain in the frederick griffin experiments
the smooth strain has a polysaccharide capsule that allows it to evade the antibodies and immune system, so it can attack the host
the rough strain does not have this capsule and will be targetted by antibodies
what was the positive control in the griffin experiments?
the smooth strain as it killed the mouse and had an effect
