0003 Modern World History (SMR 1.3) Flashcards
What made the Age of Discovery/Age of Exploration possible?
made possible due to scientific advances, economic motivation and national/religious competition
Ship building was important for the age of exploration/discovery. Who were master ship builders and where were they built?
Genoa, as well as Cadiz and Lisbon became great centers of Ship building
Genoa masters mediterranean navigation, calm waters
Cadiz and Lisbon in Portugal under Henry the Navigator ushered in the Caravel ship and learned how to navigate oceans without being overly tossed and turned
What scientific and technical capabilities launched the age of discovery? (4)
- Ship building knowledge
- Completing the compass
- Achievements in map making
- New understanding of the wind system in the Atlantic Ocean
Who originally invented the compass?
originally from China but came to Europe in Renaissance, Europeans made it practical) made it possible to navigate away from land
What achievements in map making helped launch the age of discovery?
- development of the idea of latitudes, originally from Muslim Spain
- Various map projections aimed to represent a more accurate idea of the relative positions of the bodies of water and land, as well as distances between each point
Who brought a new understanding of the wind system?
has to do with Columbus’ scientific theory based on Basque (Iberian peninsula) fisherman. Columbus used their methodologies to come up with latitudes
What was the economic motivation behind the age of discovery?
Indian Ocean Market access.
China was the greatest manufacturer of silk, china wear, textile, etc.
And India and the islands provided both raw goods (spice) and manufactures (Textile)
Before the age of discovery, who controlled the trade in Indian Ocean Markets?
Persian and Arabia controlled the trade, with trade stations in Ceylon and the Indian Ocean islands, and controlling the straight of Malacca
What was the currency of trade in in Indian Ocean Markets
Silver as the most common currency (Coinage of China, India, and Persia)
Why was the Indian Ocean Market especially important for Europe?
Europe had little manufacturing and almost no surplus silver, they couldn’t compete in the economy so they were motivated to discover – need to gain direct access to goods. Chinese wanted silver and gold.
The fall of what empire changed control of the Silk Road?
Fall of Byzantine Empire to the Ottoman Turks in 1453. Byzantine Empire had held portal to Silk Road but now that it was under Ottomans / Muslim control, the merchants could upcharge the christians, causing Europeans to explore and find new routes to the Indian Ocean Market
Why did Spain and Portugal emerge as the first two empires seeking to control the lucrative Indian Ocean Trade?
mostly because other European empires were in battle over religion (Spain and Portugal are staunchly Catholic)
England, France, and the Netherlands come into competition later
Who was Henry the Navigator?
Henry the Navigator was part of the royal family of Portugal invested much of national money into developing maritime technology.
Who were the explorers of Portugal and where did they explore? (4)
1420: Prince Henry the Navigator explored northern coast of Africa
1470: Bartolomeo Dias rounded the cape of Good Hope and established trade ports along coast of Africa
1500: Vasco de Gama reached India and establishes a port
1519-1522: Magellan circumnavigates the world (he was killed in the Philippines), finds earth is round
What was the advantage for Portugal during the age of discovery?
Advantage for Portugal was that they took a direct route to create ports where they could generate shipping fees
Who were Spanish explorers and what did they explore?
Columbus’ explorations in 1492
Spanish Conquistadors Cortez: discovers and explores Central America
Pizzaro: discovers and explores South America
What was the advantage for Spain during the age of discovery?
Advantage for Spain was that they gained precious metals in North and South America that they used to trade
When did the American Revolution happen and when did the French Revolution happen?
The American Revolution (1776-1789)
The French Revolution (1789 - 1800)
What events sparked the American Revolution?
The American Revolution was sparked not only by the Enlightenment but on the slow democracy occuring in England through things like the Magna Carta (1215) which was the first document to limit the power of the king and the role of the divine right of kings. When english colonists came to America, they brought with them the idea of representation in govt (Magistrates and Constables). After seven years war (French & Indian war), Britain starts to tax colonies without representation which were against enlightenment ideals and leads to Declaration of Independence
What thinkers inspired the American Revolution?
Locke & Roussea’s idea that a government that does not protect the rights of its citizens must be replaced
What happens at the end of America’s Revolution?
At the end of the revolution, Britain is no longer ruling the colonies and ideas like Montesqueiu’s separation of powers (three branches of govt), Voltaire’s freedom of speech and religion (1st amendment) and Beccaria’s Criminal Justice (4-8 amendments) heavily influence administration
Unlike American Revolution, French revolutionaries wanted to ______ the economic/political/social structures of the “old order”
completely replace
What was the Old Order?
The King had absolute power. Below the King were the three estates of Estates-General
First Estate: Clergy (cardinals, bishops, priests, etc.)
Second Estate: Aristocracy (royalty and ancient families of france, primarily landlords)
Third Estate: Everyone else, 98% of population but held almost no land or profits, felt taken advantage of and exploited
Who paid the majority of the taxes in France’s Old Order?
The economics of the regime were that the vast majority of taxes came from Third Estate
What event essentially launches French into a revolution in July 1789?
French mobs took over the Bastille prison in July 1789 and set the political prisoners free. Beheaded guards and started first act that led to mob-role, leads to trend of revolution
Why was the Bastille a tipping point?
Tensions had been rising up between the King and the Estates General. The King had not allowed the Estates General to meet so the take over of the prison was a way to collect gunpower and force the King to allow the Estates General to meet
Bastille was symbol of king’s restrictive power, held political prisoners who were put in prison for speaking up against the king. By freeing the prisoners, they were empowering the revolution
Who was the major leader of the French Revolution?
Maximilian Robespierre
Who was Maximillian Robespierre?
A member of the third estate, was educated and a lawyer, wanted to create a Republic of France. Would become the leader of the Committee of Public Safety who conducted Reign of Terror, suspended rights of Declaration of Rights, able to use secret police to arrest and citizens would turn in others for revenge. Ironically, Robespierre is one of the last victims of reign of terror when he is overturned by rivals. After his execution, the Committee of Public Safety is disbanded and Napoleon Bonaparte comes into power
What occurs when the French Monarch is toppled in 1790?
the monarch is toppled and the National Assembly is created – Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen are written – takes many of ideas of Enlightenment and states responsibility of govt
What happens two year after the French National Assembly is created?
1792: King Louis XVI is executed, establishment of the Directoire which eventually leads to Oligarchy of Committee of Public Safety
What was the Committee of Public Safety?
where a few politicians decided how to make France secure from monarchy – leads to “Reign of Terror” – Committee of Public Safety puts on trial and executes anyone they see as a threat to democracy (executes 50,000 in Paris and over 200,000 throughout the country)
What was one of the main differences between the French and American Revolution?
American revolution was based on colonial history of democracy (were very practiced on how to run a govt so when Americans take over, these practices are in place) vs. French history of Absolutism where vast majority of power is King’s (for almost 200 years, divine right of kings is present) so the people of France are not nearly as practiced at diplomatic methods
What was different between the US Constitution and the Declaration of Rights of Man and the Citizen? (2)
- America was permitted gradual participation (at the time of our founding, only landowning white men 21+ could vote) in democracy while France permitted immediate universal suffrage regardless of education level, etc. Eventually leads to mob rule and drastic change in laws
- Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen states it is the right of the govt to secure the people and protect them from themselves
Who became the consul and eventual emperor of France in 1800?
Napoleon becomes the consul of France, he is a french war hero who had conquered Italy to spread the ideas of the French Revolution
What did Emperor Napoleon believe was the best defense?
A good offense
What areas did Napoleon conquer?
Conquered most of Europe, defeated the Holy Roman Empire, Italy and the Prussian Empire (modern day Germany), bordered Empire of Russia and changed the face and political climate of Europe
Who were Napoleon’s enemies?
Made enemies with Austrian Empire, Prussian Empire, Russian Empire and British Empire
He disrupted shipping for Britain by blockading Britain’s trading partners which leads him into conflict with Britain
What did Napoleon do for the countries that he conquered?
He put his family members in charge of conquered nations (i.e. his brother replaced King of France), and put social structure in place to foster equality (i.e. made sure education was accessible to all classes, opening of the Lycees)
What were the Napoleonic laws?
based on the ideas of the Enlightenment, guarantees human rights and becomes basis for modern French Law
Exception: he did not keep the freedom of speech, he restricted it so he could monitor and silence any sedition against his rule
How did the Napoleonic laws impact the people of France and conquered nations?
Laws and social changes inspired greater participation of the working and middle classes in the countries he invaded
During Napoleon’s rule, _____ competition arises in the colonies, trying to break the _____ control over the rest of the world
French, English
What would lead to multiple defeats of Napoleon?
Britain was biggest competition and felt threatened by French so they join a coalition which defeats Napoleon two times, once in 1814 when they exiled him and again in 1815 at Battle of Waterloo – this is the start of the Congress of Vienna (Concert of Europe)
How did Napoleon change the face of Europe (2)?
- Expanded French Control and influence
- Permanently destroyed Holy Roman Empire which was a loose confederation of Germanic, North italian and Austrian countries who answered to the Holy Roman Emperor whose role was to solve dispute and protect the area. When the Holy Roman Emperor is no longer in power, there becomes tension and a power vacuum
What was the Congress of Vienna?
coalition between Austria, Russia, Prussia and Great Britain that tries to return Europe back to the way it was prior to the revolution after Napoleon’s defeat
What occurred under the Congress of Vienna?
- Restored the monarchies toppled by Napoleon and put countries back under foreign powers
- Returned sovereignty but failed to solve the social problems
Why did the Congress of Vienna create resentment and tension among the former conquered areas of Napoleon?
Some countries did not want to be under foreign power again (i.e. Poland was returned and divided again when it had actually been independent under Napoleon
Some countries resented sovereignty because they had more political participation under Napoleon
What was the basis behind the 1830 European Revolutions?
some ethnic nationalities want freedom from foreign powers, inspired by the brief time they were their own entity under protection of Napoleon
Inspired by Nationalism
Most revolutions were put down
While most revolutions were put down in the 1830’s, what countries were the exception?
Belgium is the exception, it maintains its freedom from Dutch Netherlands and Greece is the other; gains freedom not from European power but from Ottoman Empire
What were the basis behind the 1848 Revolutions?
Inspired by ethnic nationalism or class struggles
Class struggle inspired by spread of industrial revolution
A desire for individual rights and freedoms tasted during freedom of French takeover
All put down, but nationalism and socialism gained ground as foundations for further revolutions
What is the idea behind Nation States that arrive as a result of revolutions?
New idea, based on the assumption that political boundaries contain national identities (concept behind Serbians trying to gain independence from Austria, they believed their national identity was separate from Austria)
The idea that there is linguistic and cultural unity as well as central power
Napoleon’s conquests changed the face of Europe and inspired two types of Nationalism. What were these two types of Nationalism?
Unification Nationalism and Seperatist Nationalism
What was Unification nationalism?
bringing together small states that have similar ethnicity
What was an example of Unification Nationalism in what is now modern day Germany?
Modern day Germany which was made of Kingdom of Prussia and Kingdom of Bavaria
Prussia was for unification of Germany and wanted to lead it.
What was an example of Unification Nationalism in what is now modern day Italy?
Kingdom of Sardinia, Kingdom of Naples (Southern = Garibaldi, used red shirts to unify southern half of Italy). Unified later means they were also late to industrialism and imperialism, leads to Italy’s motivation for their aggression prior to WWII
With the fall of the Holy Roman Empire, there is a power vacuum that causes tension between European states, especially in what two countries?
especially in Austria and Prussia
What was the basis of the Austria Prussian war in 1860’s?
war over Prussia’s want of a single German state (two most powerful countries), Prussians win and begins the creation of modern day Germany.
What war occurs after the Austria Prussian war and what develops because of it?
The Franco- Prussian war then happens and the Prussians win again creating unification of Germany in 1871. Alsace Lorraine is given to Germany and holds iron-ore. Builds seeds of resentment between Germany and France
Which leader is the reponsible for creating the motivation for the Franco Prussian war and the unification of Germany?
Otto Von Bismarck
What was the Crimean War?
A fight originally between Russians and Ottomans that ends up being a war with Britain and France supporting the Ottomans against Russia (Austria stays neutral)
Russia was seeking a warm weather port and access to Suez canal for trade routes – they do this by encouraging ethnic national tension within Ottoman Empire – they wanted to inspire rebellions there. Britain and France didn’t want Russia to have a warm water port and take a piece of their trade pie so they support Ottomans against ethnic nationalities that want freedom. Austria wants political hegemony over the countries, not to Russia so they stay neutral
In what way did the Fall of the Roman empire in 1806 lead to the start of WWI over 100 years later?
Austro-Hungarian Empire essentially takes over much of the land from the Holy Roman Empire and combines a lot of different ethnicities, many of whom had tasted a bit of independence and freedom under Napoleon (i.e. Poland), separate nationalities start to thrive on separatist nationalism. There are serbians, bosnians, hungarians, etc. Eventually leads to independence movements, particularly in the Balkan peninsula – leads to 1908 Balkan crisis where Serbia gets its independence but some Serbians were still under Austrian rule – this leads to trigger of WWI
Before the Industrial Revolution in the 19th Century, there was industrialization in the 18th Century. What were characteristics of this early industrialization?
creates trend of mercantilism: overseas colonies used for extraction of raw materials brought back to manufactured mother country, mostly in Northern Europe in England and France
What were the motivations behind mercantilism in a period of early industrialization?
Motivation was 1) get involved in Indian Ocean trade market
and
2) wanted to balance trade between themselves in Asia in the world market
What were the first European items desired in Asia?
European textiles were the first European items desired in Asia
Long history of textile manufacturing in Europe, handloom was invented in Europe during middle ages
Slow, labor intensive and limited supplies made it expensive
What were some of the early mechanized machines that were developed to make textile manufacturing easier?
- Mechanical cotton gins and cotton spinning machines invented
- Development of the steam engine in the later 18th century allowed for the establishment of the textile factories and the movement of factories to the resources cutting down on transportation $
- Colonial production (North America) concentrating mostly on cotton production → intensive use of slave labor in order to keep costs down
Why did England and France build a rivalry in early industrialization?
Spain and Portugal during this time don’t adapt to the ways of manufacturing like England and France so they get left behind. Would lead to rivalry between England and France
Why did the Industrial Revolution not take off until the late 19th century?
not a result of French Revolution but because of the French Revolution and Napoleonic wars, the Industrial Revolution it doesn’t take hold in most of Europe, except for England
What is the difference between the industrialization of the 18th and 19th centuries?
In the 19th century, it is more widespread and permanent than the proto-industrialism and mercantilism of the 18th century
Why was England first to take grasp of the Industrial Revolution?
While the rest of Europe was ravaged by war, England had political and economic stability, no battles from French Revolution or Napoleonic wars took place on England’s soil. Vast majority of Europe couldn’t catch up until end of Napoleonic wars in 1815. Inspires other countries to become peaceful and catch up so they could boost their economies, becomes a catalyst for unifying, economics begin to drive political decision
What five things did England have going for them in the Industrial Revolution?
- Technical knowledge and invention coming from entrepreneurs
- Large population to serve as a workforce
- Natural resources (coal, iron)
- Investment capital to build factories
- Stable, capitalist minded government
What were consequences of the Industrial Revolution?
- Capitalist economy, all businesses are in it for profit
- Wage earning economy, now people are migrating towards cities
- Factory based manufacturing rather than home based
- Urban population leads to overcrowding
- New workforce - slavery declined (because you want a working class motivated to work), rise in need for urban workers, working class women and children entered the workforces b/c they could work for cheaper
- Class struggles
Why did class struggles arise during the Industrial Revolution?
working force is put at disadvantage, upper classes invested in or produced land, and middle classes were entrepreneurs and inventors. Working class feels exploitation and have long hours
What were some of the responses to the worker struggles presented in the Industrial Revolution?
Socialism, Communism, Social Democracy
What did Socialism believe needed to happen to solve the struggles presented in the Industrial Revolution?
The greatest good should be done for the greatest amount of people, for the working class and putting laws in place to protect them.
- Condemned abuses of capitalism
- Called for massive reforms in Capitalist economy
- Some called for public ownership of massive industries
- Some called for overhaul of social classes and the fruits of industrialism to be more evenly distributed
What did Socialism produce?
Labor Unions:
- Advocated organizations of workers to negotiate for better wages and working conditions
- Led to tension and sometimes bloodshed between workers and management
What was the Communist response to the Industrial Revolution?
Takes away all private property and puts it into the control of the states, takes away competition and striving that created terrible working conditions
Called for revolution and class struggle as primary means of economic reform
What was the Social Democratic response to the Industrial Revolution?
provide for greater political participation for groups exploited by capitalists
Advocated by those who supported the labor movement, but abhorred the idea that revolution and class conflict was the only path to reform
Fought politically for all citizens’ social rights (access to education, workers’ compensation, etc.)
What did the age of Imperialism in the 19th Century have to do with the Industrial Revolution?
Imperialism was a result of the Industrial revolution, during this you turn from an economy run by muscle power to machine power, mechanization meant that there is an increase in buying power of ALL classes, now there is actually an excess of products and you need to start exporting it domestically and economically to unindustrialized nations. The drive for colonies will be the need for unindustrialized markets that will buy the goods and areas that will have raw materials available to maintain production
What were the economic, political, cultural and national motivations for Imperialism?
Economics: Colonies would serve as sources of raw materials, markets for manufactured goods
Political: Colonies were strategic sites for commercial and naval ventures
Cultural: Missionaries hoped to convert Asian and African peoples to Christianity and “civilize” them (White Man’s Burden)
National: The more valuable and militarily strategic your colonies, the more powerful your country
What were the impacts of Imperialism?
- Africa, Southeast Asia, China and Latin America were all dominated by Euro-American nations but were once independent
Generally benefited the imperial power to the detriment of the natives
What is extraction imperialism?
when the country forces colonized nation to purchase from dominant country and extracts raw materials from them
India is a good case study of 19th Century India. Why did Britain want to have India as a colony?
British East India Company initially “conquered” for trade interests (spices and luxury items), they want to create an imbalance of trade in British favor so they throw in manufactured goods and trade these items with them
British are Christians and they want Indians to assimilate which many end up doing
Why did the Sepoy’s (Indian soldiers trained by the British) end up rebelling against Britain?
They have a hard time with the gunpowder packets they had to use because they were covered in pork and cow fat which is seen as a filthy animal in their religions (Muslim and Hindu). For the Hindu’s, cows are a sacred animal and shouldn’t be killed. They had to rip open these gunpowder sacks to load rifles which was against
their culture
What was the result of the Sepoy Mutiny in India in 1857?
infighting between muslim and hindu’s get so bad that it allows British govt to impose direct colonial rule
What were the advantage and disadvantages of British colonizing India?
- Advantages: British rule resulted in new transportation and communication systems, English-style schools, sense of Indian national identity
Disadvantages: Indian culture becomes less important and suppressed, gives rise to Indian nationalism and desire for independent country
How large did the British empire become during Imperialism?
“The sun never sets in the British Empire” that was how extensive it was, stretched from islands in the Polynesia to portions of Africa and East Asia
What sparked a surge of neo-imperialism that was different than prior imperialism in the 19th century?
different than earlier imperialism in that there was a rush to colonize in this time period by countries late to the Industrial Revolution
What was the reason for an evolution in countries colonized in Africa?
There were European controlled parts in Africa as far back as the middle ages but mostly these were on the coastlines because of the proximity to ports but also b/c the interior was full of malaria and other diseases that kept explorers away. The invention of quinine (treatment for malaria) in 1880 let people go inward, and allowed for things like missionary expeditions
Missionary expeditions led to friendlier relations that led for deeper exploration of Africa and converted Africans
What was the Scramble for Africa (1880-1914)
New imperial countries going to colonize the interior in Africa because this is where open territory was
Established Spanish, Portuguese, French, and English colonies in Africa
New colonies were desired by what countries?
desired by the Dutch, the Belgians, Italians and the Germans
What took place a the Berlin Conference in 1884-1885?
European delegates decided any European state could establish colonies in Africa after notifying others, showing it could control the area
What were effects of the Berlin Conference?
- Extension of European Concert overseas
- No African leaders were present, showed great disrespect
- Imperial powers disregarded culture / shared languages when dividing up Africa, the result of this is that after WWII, there is a power vacuum and structural void that creates a lot of problems in Africa
What is Britain’s imperialist slogan?
“Cairo to Cape Town” – wanted to build railroad running through it
While most African countries were colonized in the 19th century, which two countries remained independent?
Ethiopia and Liberia are the two independent African countries that aren’t colonized, Liberia is where a lot of African Americans end up going back to after slavery ended. Ethiopia isn’t conquered until 20th century
What was the economic impact of colonization?
colonies who were former manufacturers became suppliers of raw materials and consumers of imported goods (India, originally had Indian textiles and unique prints, once taken over by British, they became suppliers of raw cotton and indigo for British and consumers of British manufactured textiles)
What migration occurred as a result of colonization?
- Europeans migrated to colonies in search of cheap land and better economic opportunities
- Asians and Africans migrated to the Americas as indentured servants
- Upper classes of colonized areas go to Europe and America for education
What philosophies arose as a result of colonization?
theories of scientific racism and Social Darwinism developed to justify European domination, claiming science supports that Europeans and Americans are meant to be in control because they had the military strategy to take over
What were the causes of the Russian Revolutions?
- 300 years of Romanov Rule (Czar and Czar’s family)
- Serfdom abolished in 1861 but land goes in the hands of relatively few
- Agricultural productivity stagnated
- Rapid (if delayed) industrialization beginning in the late 1800’s stirred urban worker’s discontent (rural working class under serfdom was also discontent and rife for rebellion)
- Autocratic government, no shared political power
- Russification: The idea that Russia is the best and everyone needs to follow that above their native culture
Before the 1917 Russian Revolution, there was the _____ Russian Revolution. What was this?
1905: waves of strikes and violence from working class across the country forced Czar Nicholas to create the Duma – reinstatement of Russia’s first Parliament, but then dissolved it in 1906
200 - 1,000 killed in “Bloody Sunday” by military who supported Czar (different than the 1917 revolution) causes uprising and protest
What would essentially cause the 1917 Russian Revolution?
WWI worsened economic and political situation in Russia, they sided with Serbia and lose many battles, many soldiers were done fighting
The 1917 Russian Revolution was made up of what two revolutions and what occurred during these respective revolutions?
February Revolution: Czar forced to abdicate and provisional govt installed, democratically minded but big mistake is continuing to fight in WWI, military sides with the people this time b/c they are sick of fighting
October Revolution: Communist forces led by Lenin (Bolsheviks) oust the provisional govt, end Eastern Block of WWI and bordered areas are given to Germany
What happened once the Bolsheviks took over Russia?
Bolsheviks then found themselves fighting a bloody 5 year civil war with people having very different ideas about government (White Army vs. Bolsheviks Red Army)
In 1922, the Bolsheviks win and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republic (USSR) established
When did the Mexican revolution take place and what were the causes of it?
1910
Occurred because President Juarez violated constitution by getting re-elected and is seceded by Diaz who is equally as corrupt and triggers revolution.
Land reform demands and an oppressive hacienda system cause guerilla fighters like Zapata and Villa to rise up and causes a revolving door of leadership and decades of civil war
Who was Porfirio Diaz?
Corrupt dictator for 40 years. Under his leadership, there are land reform demands and peasants were dispossessed of land in favor of companies
After the overthrow of Diaz’ government in 1910, what four leaders create a coalition of factions?
Zapata, Villa, Modero and Huerta
What is the result of the Mexican Revolution?
Up to 900,000 casualties
Assasination of Madero, betrayal then overthrown of Huerta who was general under Madero, he is overthrown and creates a new constitution and election of Carranza, Carranza sees Zapata and Villa as rivals so there is betrayal then assassination of Zapata for turning on Carranza, surrender of Villa over feud with US
What eventually ends the Mexican Revolution?
Election of Obregon and successors
Under his leadership there are two decades of land and labor reform with pockets of armed resistance
What revolution is taking place simultaneously with the Mexican Revolution?
Chinese Revolution of 1911
What were the causes of the Chinese Revolution of 1911?
- Foreign exploitation after the first and second Opium Wars
- Inability of Qing dynasty to modernize or address domestic issues creates desire to overthrow
- Oppression of Reform: led to multiple revolutionary organizations who wanted chinese values back, not western values
through modernization,
Sixteen uprisings take place between 1895 and 1911
What was the Boxer Rebellion of 1900?
Qing dynasty has to deal with internal rebellion and quells it through foreign assistance by Great Britain and France giving Great Britain and France influence
What was the name of the revolution that occurred in China?
Xinhai Revolution
Started in Wuchang, Hubei; spread throughout all the provinces of China and ended three centuries under the Qing Dynasty rule
Who were the different leaders in the Xinhai revolution?
Sun Yat Sen (wanted modernization and less autocratic, more democratic) vs. Yuan Shikai (warlord in the North who wanted things to go back to how they were before Europeans)
Yuan Shikai wins and ousts the Manchus (Qing) creating the first Republic in China BUT very few social reforms occurred
Who becomes president of the Republic of China?
Yuan Shikai in March 1912, he will later declare himself as Emperor of China in 1915
After Yuan Shikai ignores republic institutions, he loses support and dies in 1916. What occurs because of this?
- Led to decade long struggle for control and birth of the Communist party in China
- This rebellion allows the Japanese to come in and attack through the 1930’s creating infighting and different political parties
- Sun Yat Sen & Chiang Kai Shek = republics
Mao = communist, would end up winning
What were the similarities of the different revolutions?
- Initiated against an autocratic govt that exploited the peasants and working class (China against Qing, Russia against Romanov, Mexico against Diaz)
- Originally replaced with a democratic govt that was supported by Western nations (China = Republic of China under Yuan Shikai, Mexico - President Madero supported by US, Russia = Provisional govt with Duma)
- A subsequent revolution was followed by political upheavals came about before a permanent government was established (Russia = permanent govt established in 1920’s with Community Party, Mexico = election of Obregon in 1920’s, China = communist party in 1940’s)
What were the differences of the different revolutions?
Russia: shorter route to “success” seen as model for proletarian revolutions (despite being the last initiated), became strong power
Mexico: never resulted in communist govt, normally maintained political relationship with USA
China: civil war after WWII against Chiang Kai Shek and Mao resulted in TWO chinas (The People’s Republic of China and the Republic of China which is Taiwan)
What was the Crimean War (1853-1856)?
Russians who want a warm water port and access to Mediterranean sea for trade and supports ethnic nationalism vs. Ottoman Empire who wants to maintain control over territories. Russia loses.
Who join with Russia in the Crimean War (1853-1856)?
Britain and France, Austria stays neutral but does mobilize troops on its border which Russia does not forget about
What was geopolitically important about the Ottoman Empire?
includes the straits that connect the black sea with the Mediterranean sea so it is very geopolitically important. It takes place in the Strait of Dardanelles
What would the Crimean war eventually lead to nearly 50 years later?
the Balkan Crises in 1908; Ottoman Empire was weakening and areas that it controls becomes free. Russia and Austria start to compete there for political hegemony
What was the Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871)
A nationalism based war between Prussia and France over Alsace Lorraine, Prussia wins over Napoleon III and unifies Germany into an empire
Why was there difficulty unifying Germany?
Southern Germany was catholic and allied with Austria while Northern Germany was protestant and allied with Prussia which made it hard to unify
Who was the chancellor of Prussia who wanted to unify Germany and why did he want Alsace-Lorraine?
Otto Von Bismarck, chancellor of Prussia, wanted Alsace-Lorraine on the German/French border because it had iron ore which was important for the industrial age
What were the Boer Wars (1880-1881/1899-1902)?
Wars for imperial territory in Africa
- British take over South Africa but some parts of South Africa maintain their independence
- One is between British and Africans in South Africa, natives of Africa allied with the Boer settlers who were of Dutch descent
- Later the British want the Boer territory so they fight over this in 1899-1902 which defies the Berlin Conference
What was a result of the Balkan Crisis of 1908?
Serbians gain their independence from Austria which would end up culminating into the start of WWI
WWI was a culmination of wars fought before. What were these wars?
The Crimean War
The Franco Prussian War
The Boer Wars
The Balkan Crisis
What were the underlying causes of the war?
- Alliance systems
- Imperialism
- Militarism
- Nationalism
- Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria in Serbia
What were the alliances of WWI and how they lead to WWI?
Led to open and secret agreements between nations
Triple Alliance / Central Powers: Germany, Austria, Italy (Also includes Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria)
Triple Entente “The Allies”: Great Britain, France & Russia (later Italy after 1915), also includes Brazil and Asia
What wars showed imperialism and tension over competition for colonies leading up to WWI?
Crimean War, Boer War
What is Militarism and how did it contribute to WWI?
The build up of military power and glorification of military to inspire young men to join
- Created an arms race between major powers (Germany & Britain)
German kaiser Wilhelm II build up a great Navy and Britain took this as a threat to their own naval power so they also built up warships
How did nationalism play into WWI?
Ethnic groups such as the Poles, Bosnians, and Czechs hoped for a nation of their own to be free of Austria and Russian empire
As seen in the Franco Prussian War, Balkan Crises
What happens after the assassination of Archduke France Ferdinand in Serbia in 1914?
Austrian forces enter Serbia, a month later Germany enters the war to support Austria so Russia enters the war to support Serbia
Why did WWI become a colonial war and what was an example of this?
The idea that if you beat the enemy’s colonial territories, you can take those colonies
Examples:
African conflicts between the powers
New Zealand occupied German Samoa in Polynesia
What is trench warfare and where was it mostly used in WWI?
mostly in France and Belgium
Use of gatling gun, artillery, tanks, gas, airplanes and technology make trench warfare a good defensive tactic but not a good offensive tactic and once trenches are dug, it’s hard to gain land. Land in between trenches is called “no mans land” because generally no soldier is able to survive
Causes Serbia to be divided between Austria and Bulgaria, the first of the allies to go down
Why does Italy end up turning the tables in WWI and declaring war on Austria-Hungary?
because it perceives that they have started the war
What battle of 1916 had large casualties and resulted in Wilhelm II of Germany declaring victory and asking for peace talks?
Battle of Verdun
What occurred in 1916 that brings the US into WWI?
German submarine (U-boat) warfare; Germany tries to lay siege to Britain by bombing anyone trying to supply Britain which is an island nation, seen as a violation of international neutrality – brings US into war
April 1917: US declares war in Germany
When and why did Russia leave WWI?
October 1917: Russia erupts in a revolution and are tired of fighting WWI, they revolt and create a peace treaty with Germany and give up land to Germany in return, Germans no longer fighting a two front war
What occurs in 1918 during WWI that splits up the Ottoman Empire?
The Middle Eastern frontier partitions the Ottoman territories, they weaken the Ottoman empire and they can no longer fight
Egypt, Syria, Jordan, Iraq, and Arabia; Mandate of Palestine
On November 11, 1918, what is announced that creates a ceasefire?
Armistice announced,
On June 28, 1919, the Treaty of Versailles is signed between the Allies and Germany. What does the Treaty of Versailles do?
Germany is recognized as the aggressor. Forced to admit that it started the war (which is a lie), forced to pay reparataions and is stripped of army and navy – only allowed to have enough arm power to rescue the royal family. Forces humiliation and economic pressure on Germany. Seen as one of the major causes of WWII.
Why was Germany blamed for WWI and not Austria?
Allied powers meet at the Paris Peace conference and delve out a pattern for what they want the peace to look like, they want to punish Germany (b/c Germany is most powerful of central powers and the greatest threat)
What are the new technologies that are used in WWI?
- Aerial warfare (between German Red Baron and Sopwith Camels of British Royal Air Force)
- First widespread use of tanks (primarily in France)
- Submarine warfare (German u-boats)
- First widespread use of the machine gun (Gatling Gun)
- Chemical warfare – before sending out soldiers into no mans land, they would throw chemical gas into enemies trenches
What was the state of Europe after WWI?
- Germany is not the only one who has to give up land, so does Austria and Ottoman Empire
- End of the Austro-Hungarian Empire; Turns into Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Serbia, Poland
- End of the German Empire: The Weimar Republic, returns Alsace Lorraine to France and releases Sudentenland (an iron/copper rich territory) is given to brand new country (Czechoslovakia)
- Partitioning of the Ottoman Empire: Turkey and the New Middle East, includes Syria, Egypt, Palestine, are turned into mandates (the allies wish to divide these territories amongst themselves instead of giving them independence because of the lucrative oil and gold in the area)
What were some of the events that led to WWII?
- Germany humiliated in the Treaty of Versailles (1919)
- Widespread poverty in parts of Europe due to devastation of WWI and Great Depression
- Fall in manufacturing and crippling tariffs from US
- Unemployment and other economic problems → rise of racism
Leads to a Rise of Totalitarianism (total power) as a reaction against current governments and failed economies
What are 5 characteristics of Totalitarianism?
- A single leader with unquestioned authority
- Single party in charge of government
- Creation of police state to terrorize the public
- Aggressive elimination of opposition
- Using a minority group to use as scapegoat
What are 5 characteristics of Fascism?
- Opposition to communism as a threat to tradition and private property
- Ultranationalist glorification of the state
- Militarism and glorification of war
- Rejection of liberalism and democracy, seen as weak and ineffective
- Ending of economy by expanding military and borders for industrial efforts - military is a solution to economic problems
Which country is the first to take on fascism after WWI?
Italy is the first to take on fascism because they believe they should have been rewarded with greater land in Treaty of Versailles. The economic crisis is what Mussolini uses to take over in 1922
What is different about Mussolini’s reign than other totalitarian leaders/
Mussolini is never able to fully control the media and this is different than other totalitarian govts
How did Adolf Hitler rise to power as a fascist leader?
Adolf Hitler preached anti-communism, anti-semitism and ultranationalism. Appointed chancellor then became dictator (fuhrer) by eliminating opponents
How did Josef Stalin rise to power as a Communist leader?
He comes in after Lenin, ruthlessly eliminated all rivals (uses secret police to eliminate Trotsky), took complete power of Russia by 1930’s. Centralized control of the economy, forced collectivization of farming
Why did acts of aggression by totalitarian countries take place in the 1930’s without much accountability by the League of Nations?
The rest of the world is reeling from the Great Depression so countries that would normally step into help or go to war are now more willing to appease
What was the first occurrence of an act of aggression by a Totalitarian country in 1931?
Japanese invasion of Manchuria China 1931
Emperor Hirohito and generals like Tojo used aspects of Totalitarianism and ultranationalism to monitor people and take over European dominated Asia
What other acts of aggression / invasions occurred between 1935 and 1938?
Italy invaded Ethiopia 1935 German occupation of Rhineland 1935 Rape of Nanking 1937 German occupation of Sudetenland followed by Czechoslavakia German Anschluss 1938
Why was Rhineland an important area?
on the border of Germany and France and home to iron ore, France starts to get on edge when Germany sets up military there
What was the Munch Conference?
appease Germany for promise of Czechoslovakia sovereignty, diplomacy led by Neville Chamberlain of Britain (would be replaced by Winston Churchill)
German invasion of Czechoslavakia
During WWII, what powers were winning for the majority of the war?
Axis powers = Germany, Italy and Japan are generally winning the war until Mussolini loses his power in 1943 and the invasion of Normandy in June 1944
Germany signed a nonagression pact with which country before the start of WWII? What was the importance of this?
German had previously signed a nonaggression pact with Russia making it a one front war
What event officially started WWII?
1939: German occupation of Poland, Hitler (West) and Stalin (East) both invade Poland and split it, believed to be start of WWII
What were some of the wins of the axis powers?
1940: German occupation of France (everything but Vichy in the South)
1940: Italy invaded Greece
What occurred at the Battle of Britain between 1940 and 1941?
(the only country not allied or taken over by Hitler), took place from air and the ocean with submarine warfare
Why did the US enter the war in 1941?
Because of Pearl Harbor
Why did Germany invade Soviet Union in 1942?
Invaded b/c they need more resources to fight against US
This ends the nonagression pact and Germany would suffer from the long winter there
What turning point in the war occurred in June 1944?
The D-Day Invasion
What would essentially end the European theater of WWII?
April 1945: Hitler commits suicide and Berlin is captured by allies, Mussolini is killed, Soviets invade Silesia
May 8 1945: German forces surrender; V-E Day
There is a continued 3 months of fighting between Japan and US
What was a tragic result of WWII?
German extermination of Jews
Forced removal of Jews from all conquered territories
Concentration camps: forced labor camps, killing fields
“Final Solution”: systematic mass murder of Jews and other “outsiders” through gas chambers and other methods
6 million of Europe’s 9.5 million Jews are killed, 11 million people were killed included Pole’s, Gypsies, Communists and physically/mentally disabled, homosexuals, communists
Were the allied powers aware of the concentration camps?
Allies were aware of this but could not understand the scale, a lot of those countries also had their own anti-semitic laws
What other human rights abuses were taking place during WWII?
Japanese also terminated many Chinese and forced US Soldiers and others in the Phillipines to March on Bataan Peninsula
What takes place after WWII that impacts countries all over the world?
Decolonization after WWII: End of WWII marks end of European dominance and imperial dominance, creates fragmentation and formation
Between 1947-2011 there are independence movements that take place to establish new nations. What are some of these movements?
1947: India becomes independent from Britain
1948: State of Israel is formed in the British mandate of Palestine
1950-1975: African nations become independent, gradual process as they fragment into smaller nations
1952: Iran nationalized its oil industry to increase its economic place in the world
1956: Egypt nationalized the Suez canal for same reason
1997: Transfer of sovereignty in Hong Kong is transferred from Britain to China
2011: Arab Spring where rulers were toppled by people of the nations
What causes fragmentation in the Middle East in 1948?
State of Israel is formed in the British mandate of Palestine, causes fragmentation in middle east b/c British promised territory that was negotiated later and partitioned off with other British diplomats, causes present day problems over Palestine
What led to a split between Indian and Pakistan in 1947?
Very volatile religious differences leading to both creating nuclear bombs, religious and cultural conflict runs deep, Pakistan is mostly muslim and India is mostly hindu, India was colonized by Britain earlier and the independence movement
Though many of these countries have independence after WWII, they still seek political hegemony from their former dominant countries as can be seen in post-colonial organizations. What are some of these post-colonial organizatiosn that exist?
- Organization of Ibero American States
- Commonwealth of Independent States
- Commonwealth of Nations (former colonies of Great Britain)
and La Francophonie – these orgs support each other economically
Why does the Cold War begin?
After WWII, there is a power vacuum and the rise of competition between Capitalism and Communism (Soviet and US)
When does the Cold War take place?
1949-1991, war in which no open violence occurs between two nations
The Cold War was a lot about competition for economic and political control. What doctrines and organizations rose up to show this competition?
Truman Doctrine: containment and Marshall plan, helping companies recover, countered by Soviets
NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organization – protecting nations from communist attacks, countered by Warsaw Pact of Eastern Soviet controlled countries
What were the widespread political consequences of the cold war?
Korean (1950’s) and Vietnam Wars carved of the world into two spheres of influence
What were the economic consequences of the Cold War?
State controlled economy vs. free enterprise, free enterprise wins out because of emergence of competition that creates better products
What are the technological consequences of the Cold War?
“Race to the moon”, weapons, technology, manufacturing
By 1970’s the Soviet and US start to collaborate on space initiatives
What is Globalization?
Concept that it was important to protect against another world war by finding ways to work together and find common ground, causing global conversations about issues
What post WWII treaty organizations arise that champion globalization?
- Formation of the United Nations (UN) in 1945, meant to replace League of Nations that failed to prevent WWII, to stop wars between countries and provide platform for dialog
- Formation of the World Trade Organization, originally GATT, purpose to reduce tariffs and eliminate trade barriers
- Formation of NATO, North Atlantic Treaty Organization; after dissolution of Soviet Union, it became protection against attack of terrorists, pirates, etc.
- World Bank and the International Monetary Fund; assisted with reconstruction and let companies borrow to avoid failing economies
What were some of the mechanisms of globalization?
- Multi-national corporations
- “Global” culture (entertainment industry), expansion into information age and digital age, spread of cultures, spread of democracy and / or soviet union through propaganda
- “Free movement of labor” allowed for needs of different countries to be met internationally, also meant free exchange of culture/ideas
What were some of the consequences of Globalization?
Off-shoring (Japan offshored manufacturing of cars into US which eliminates tariffs on foreign goods)
Lowering the price of goods
