0002 Medieval and Early Modern Times (SMR 1.2) Flashcards
1
Q
What time period are we talking about when we talk about the world of late antiquity?
A
Period roughly between 200-700 CE which sees the collapse of the old “empires”: Rome, Han and Gupta
2
Q
How did authority shift in the world of late antiquity?
A
approach of a new, less “centralized world”. Empires each had a centralized bureaucratic administration and now there are more localized methods of authority
3
Q
How did economics change in the world of late antiquity?
A
Economic change and diversification, central structure allowed for great infrastructure economically and socially but with the end of empires, they all fall
4
Q
How do world religions impact the world of late antiquity?
A
Prominence of “World Religions” as empires are replaced by commonwealths which are often religious
5
Q
What areas are considered part of the World of Late Antiquity?
A
World of Late Antiguity is defined mostly for Rome – alternatively called the “Late Roman” period but also established for the Near East, largely a mediterranean focus
6
Q
What was one of the major factors that led to the collapse of empires?
A
The economy and the environment is one of the major factors that led to collapse of empires
7
Q
What changes in the economy and environment lead to the collapse of empires? (4)
A
- Land degradation and deforestation
- Lower agricultural yield due to wars and breakdown in trade; the need for more labor leads to slave and land bound peasants
- New diseases (measles, malaria, smallpox, bubonic plague “black death”)
- Regional specialization and dependence
8
Q
What would be the result of economic and environmental changes that would lead to an end of empires?
A
Multiple internal problems that led to the weakening and eventual collapse from invading “barbarians”
9
Q
What could be a reason that barbarians rose up to invade empires?
A
Parasitical relationship between “center” (the consumer) and periphery (producer of raw goods). The consumer controls the producer of raw goods and sends it all towards the center which creates an overdependence that fosters resentment.
10
Q
How did the fall of the Han dynasty impact the Roman Empire?
A
falls before Roman Empire which also leads to economic troubles of Roman Empire because of Han-Roman trade
11
Q
What three things led to the fall of the Han Dynasty in China?
A
- Corruption: incompetent emperors and eunuch dominance at court, court competition and rivalry between units
- Oppression: peasants forced into near serfdom which led to rebellions
- Rebellion & Civil War: 184-208 AD; the Revolt of Yellow Turbans led to revolt of Han generals, split into three kingdoms
12
Q
What led to the fall of Gupta? (5)
A
- weak rulers
- dissent over the succession of emperors
- After the silk road is deteriorated with the fall of the Han Dynasty, Gupta struggles economically
- invasion of the Huns
- Gupta was strong supporters of Buddhism and Jainism which aren’t as rigid as caste system leading to social instability.
All contributed to the fall around 535 AD.
13
Q
What split occurs in the Roman Empire?
A
In the third century (285), Rome is split into West and East by Diocletian because the empire had become too big, the East lasting 1,000 years longer than West. Split allows for East to care for itself
14
Q
What were the economic reasons for the fall of the western roman empire?
A
Rich landowning class resisted paying taxes and the church land was not taxable which led to drop in tax revenue that crippled the Roman economy
Drop in tax revenue led to unsafe roads and therefore a decline in trade
15
Q
What were the political reasons that the western roman empire fell?
A
Violent power struggles plagued the empire and the bureaucrat could not enforce the laws
16
Q
What were the social reasons for the fall of the western roman empire?
A
Plagues dramatically reduced the population, especially farming and those in the urban populations
17
Q
Because of economical, political, and social factors, Rome was invaded by who?
A
Nomadic invasions: could not defend against Ostrogoths, Huns, or Visigoths and falls in the late 400’s CE. Vast majority of invasion circumnavigate the periphery of the Western Roman Empire
18
Q
Why didn’t the Eastern Roman Empire fall with the Western Roman Empire?
A
Because the east was home to the older, more established areas of the Roman Empire (Mesopotamia and Egypt), they had economical and political stability, ruling family maintained continuous form of succession so there weren’t emperors competing for position, this stability made it less difficult for invaders. They were not as territorially widespread as the west and this led to more centralized and efficient administration
19
Q
The Eastern Roman empire would become the ______ empire.
A
Byzantine
20
Q
What became the capitol and religion of the Byzantine empire in 330 CE?
A
Constantinople (modern day Istanbul) established as eastern capitol of Roman Empire with Christianity as the official religion of the empire
21
Q
Where were Byzantine Bureaucrats trained?
A
University of Constantinople
22
Q
What language was spoken in the Byzantine Empire?
A
Greek
23
Q
What occurred under Byzantine emperor Justinian I (527-565 CE)?
A
- Codified Roman civil law into Justinian Code
- Built the Hagia Sophia (527 CE)
- First appearance of the bubonic plague, named Justinian Plague
24
Q
What is the Justinian Code?
A
a handbook of civil law that brought all laws together, inspiration for later civil codes throughout Europe
25
What was the Hagia Sophia?
Church of Holy Wisdom, showed cultural and economic stability
26
The Byzantine empire survived Muslim invasion, crusader attacks, Slavic attacks; was destroyed in the 15th century (1453) by who?
Ottomans
27
What was the culture and society of the Byzantine empire like?
Direct inheritors of Roman culture so they maintained Roman social structure but allowed for social mobility and occasional influence of important women, like Empress Irene
28
What was the economic structure of the Byzantine empire?
Included more established and economically valuable provinces (i.e. Egypt, Syria)
Fair and efficient taxation helped maintain both economic and political stability
29
Where does Christianity have its origins?
origins in early 1st century with teachings of Jesus
30
What led to a split in the two branches of Christianity?
split can be traced to the Quinisext council in 692 CE and excommunication of leaders in churches in 1054 “The Great Schism”
31
What were the two branches of Christianity?
Roman Catholic & Eastern Greek Orthodox
32
What were characteristics of Roman Catholicism?
- Primacy of the Pope unquestioned, believed he was the religious leader of all of Europe and political leader of Papal states
- Preservers of knowledge, culture, and bureaucracy throughout Roman Empire’s collapse
- Conversion of pagan kings, monastacism and patronage of the arts
- Culturally unified Western Europe under the Church
- Stories of church told through pictures and frescos and much later, stained glass
33
What were characteristics of Eastern/ Greek Orthodox church?
- Rejected Pope’s claims of primacy in the Church
- Caesaropapism
Arts: Mosaics, Icons and Domes
Movement of Iconoclasm: to clean churches of holy images, due to opposition of Roman Church practices
34
What was Caesaropapism and where was it practiced?
It was an alliance between Church & State in the Eastern/Greek Orthodox belief
The church's role was to guide and support the emperor’s policies
The Emperor’s role was to defend and propagate the church and give the church special privileges
35
What were some examples of Eastern/Greek Orthodox art?
Hagia Sophia and the Church of Ravenna
36
As empires started to fall, what would come in to fill the power vacuum?
World religions
37
Islam is a monotheistic religion founded by whom?
Founded by Muhammad (570-632 CE) in Mecca, the Arabian Peninsula.
610 CE: Angel Gabriel appears to Muhammad and commands him to recite the word of god
38
What is the sacred word of god in Islam?
Qur’an (literally “recitation”)
39
What are the five pillars of Islam?
1. Statement of faith: “There is no god but God, and Muhammad is his Prophet” (Shahada)
2. Pray five times a day facing Mecca (Salat)
3. Give charity to the poor (Almsgiving)
4. Fast during the month of Ramadan (Sawm)
5. Complete the hajj, or pilgrimage to Mecca during one’s life if able (Hajj)
40
What are the two school of Islamic rule that arose after Muhammad's death in 632?
Sunni and Shi'a
41
Who took initial leadership after the death of Muhammad in 632?
Initially leadership passed to Abu Bakr, Muhammad’s father in law who became caliph. After 3 caliphs, debate rose over the succession of leadership
42
What did the Sunni believe about leadership and succcession?
leader of the Muslim society should be primarily a political leader (Caliph) and elected amonth the religious; majority of Muslims today are Sunni, argues that there should be no classes and that leadership shouldn’t be birthright
43
What were the Crusades?
Series of Christian holy wars conducted against Muslim “infidels”
44
What were the aims of the Crusades?
Aims both religious and political: Pope hoped to reclaim Jerusalem and use it as a tool to maintain power and especially because of the rivalry with the Greek Orthodox Church in the East, and also unite Western European leaders (who were infighting over power) under Pope’s influence
45
While the Crusades were mostly important for Western Europe, why was it politically important for Muslim history?
It was less important for Muslim history but was politically important for the Muslim in that their subsequent victories by military leader, Salah al-Din, which made them the ultimate caliphate
46
Who called for the first crusade in 1095 and what was the result?
Pope Urban II called for Christian knights to take up arms and seize the holy land. Initially they are successful in the first battle and Jerusalem is taken as well as the kingdom of Akar and areas around Levant, but subsequent crusades were unsuccessful to to new crusaders not being familiar with the political situation and not understanding the balance of power between Jerusalem and the Muslim govt
47
When did the crusades take place?
1095-1230, For 200 years, waves of Christian soldiers invaded Muslim territories
48
Who controlled Jerusalem at the time of Crusades?
Jerusalem at the time was not controlled by the Abbasid Caliphate but by Muslim warriors who attempted to push back against the Byzantines
49
What were the socio-economic impacts on Western Europe from the Crusades?
initially united European kings and great lords. It also united Roman and Eastern Orthodox churches but in the long term it intensified religious division between Christians & non christians and Christians and Jew. It also brought about growing tension between the two churches longterm
50
What was the Knights Templar?
A Christian group that, during the crusades, were in Jerusalem protecting people who wanted to visit the holy sites. They were controversial but Pope Innocent II gave them special rights and didn't make them pay taxes. They became defenders of Papal states
They set up banks and financial institution in the holy land, had their own rules "The Rule of Templars"
Later kings would arrest them
51
What was the intellectual and ideological impact of the crusades?
Crusaders brought back artifacts of art and philosophy and some of the classic and ancient texts
52
What was the economic impact of the Crusades?
exposed Western Europeans to the exotic luxuries of the silk road
Encouraged trade with Muslim merchants, created increased European demand for Asian goods
53
How did the geography of the Middle East impact the crusades?
Geographically, the crusader states were essentially surrounded by the Great Seljug Empire, so when the second crusade comes in and disrupts the diplomatic balance, it polarizes the diplomacy between Christian and non-Christian groups
54
Why did Islam experience a quick rise in power?
Islam is unique because of its quick rise in power and that it not only became a religion but a theocratic state, rapid succession due to belief in single, monotheistic god, went into attack mode against Byzantine empire
55
Where did Muhammad move to once he was kicked out of Mecca?
621: Moves to Medina and establishes the Muslim state: beginning of the Hajira (“migration”) dating
56
What two battles occurred after Muhammad's Death?
Battle of Yarmuk
| Battle of Qadisyyah
57
What happened at the Battle of Yarmuk in 636?
fall of Christian control in Syria
58
What happened at the Battle of Qadisyyah?
fall of Persia (Iraq and Iran) to Muslims, ended Sassanid Empire
59
Besides Syria and Persia, what other countries were conquered by Islamic rule?
Egypt, North Africa (Algeria), Spain, the Indus Valley, Southern Italy
60
The _______ took over part of Africa while ______ took over East Africa
Abbasids / Fatima
61
What were the effects of Muslim conquest?
1. Muslims isolated Europeans which helped to create the middle ages
2. Created an isolation that kept Christians from technologically moving forward
3. Appeal of Islam, to many conquered people, was that it lessened the social rigidity of empires, all were equal before god
62
What occurred in Baghdad under the Abicides (Shiite) Caliphate?
- adopts pre-Islamic administration
- Baghdad becomes cosmopolitan city
- Patronage of arts, literature, philosophy and sciences (particularly medicine)
- Baghdad “universities” where masters in subjects would live and teach disciples
63
What was the Golden Age of Islam financed by?
Financed by the gold imported from sub-Saharan West Africa (Timbuktu!)
64
What was education like in the Golden Age of Islam?
- High tolerance for non-Islamic learning
- Translation and teaching of Greek, Persian, Egyptian and Indian works
- Commentators like Ibn Rushd (Avveroes), Ibn Arabi, Avicenna create new schools of philosophy
- Islamic knowledge was revered
-Established house of wisdom in Baghdad and had the Muslim Renaissance, had much of Hellenistic age knowledge
Trigonometry, algebra
65
What led to the end of the Golden Age of Islam under Abicides Caliphate?
Over time they conformed to their rival’s, Sunni beliefs which caused internal uprising and eventual overthrow of the Abicides by Fatima Caliphate
66
What spurred the economy in the Golden Age of Islam?
Abicides Caliphate traded with Umayyad Caliphate in West Africa and Southern Europe in the Iberian Peninsula
67
Who was the famous leader of the Carolingians and the first holy roman emperor?
Charlemagne (768): “Grandfather of Europe” and the originator of Western Europe
68
Charlemagne united what territories?
United the Frankish territories (Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, France, Switzerland, Austria) and he conquered the Lombard Territory in Northern Italy
69
Christmas Day 800, Charlemagne was crowned as the first Holy Roman Emperor by who? What was the importance of this?
Crowned as the first Holy Roman Emperor by the Pope -- shows that he honored the Papacy
Important because he would later establish many monasteries and make land grants to the church
70
Carolingian lands would later become what?
Carolingian lands later became the core lands of the Holy Roman Empire and France
71
What was society like under Charlemagne?
Peace and prosperity allowed for chivalry (code of honor) and courtly love (social artistic interaction between knights and ladies of the court)
72
What did Charlemagne do upon his death?
Split the Carolingian Empire and gave to his three grandsons: Louis the German, Charles the Bald, and Emperor Lothair, which happened in two treaties
73
After the breakup of the Carolingian empire with the death of Charlemagne, Europe became ______ leading to a system of Feudalism
Decentralized
74
What is the essence of Feudalism?
King gave land to vassals in exchange for military service and loyalty
75
Local land owners were called _______. They concentrated their power in ______ and held their land in a hereditary manner ( ______ )
Vassals
Plantations/ Manors
Fiefs
76
Who were the serfs and what rights did they have?
had the right to work a portion of land, pass that onto their children, but could not leave the land. Could keep a portion of what they grew, but majority of their earnings went to the lord
If the lord or the land suffered, the serf suffered but if the lord or the land thrived, the serf could also thrive. They were able to use whatever excess they had to make an excess profit (i.e. turning milk into cheese)
77
Explain the Stratified society of feudalism?
Kings or great lords gave land to vassal lords, in return, vassal lords would provide advice and council as well as a fighting force with military coming from their knights. Their knights would be trained and taken care of by the vassal lord. In return, the knights provided law and order, and shelter for the peasants. The peasants in response would obey and work the lord for the knights.
78
Each area would have its own great lords in feudalism meaning that feudalism was ______ and _______.
Localized and decentralized
79
What was the concept of Chivalry in Feudalism?
code of conduct for vassals in their role as knights. Emphasized warrior qualities, generosity, loyalty
80
What did the Shi'a believe about leadership and succession?
Believes that political and religious leadership should be the same person (imam), the authority of Imam comes from God and are infallible and sinless, the descendents of Muhmammad. Majority in Iraq & Iran
81
Most caliphates are Sunni but some have been Shi'a. What is one example of a Shiite caliphate?
Fatima
82
What Caliph was around from 661-750 and was based in Syria but spread Islam into North Africa, Spain and even France until it was stopped at the Battle of Tours?
The Ummayad Caliph
83
What Caliph was around from 750-1258 CE in Bagdad and is responsible for the Golden Age of Islamic Civilization?
Abbasid Caliph
84
What ended the Abbasid Caliph in 1258?
Mongol invasion ended the Abbasid Caliph in 1258 CE -- over time the Mongols would convert to Islam and start the Ilkanate Caliph
85
How did Muslims spread their religion following the death of Muhammad?
Muslims were surrounded by Polytheistic arab tribes. After the death of Muhammad, they go on the offense to take over other areas to preserve Islamic faith and society
86
While medieval Japan is never really conquered by foreign powers, it did have two types of rulers. What were these?
one where Japan is ruled by emperors and familial clans (imperial rule) and the other where they are run by samurai class (Samurai rule)
87
How did Japan's geography impact the culture and political structure?
Japan’s geography of mountains, rivers, etc led to the development of small, isolated, independent communities
Some clan attempted to copy the Chinese model and create a strong, centralized state (Yamato clan, 600’s; Fujiwara clan, 700’s) but were not successful, eventually samurai dominated
88
What was Shinto in Japanese medieval culture?
Idea that everything possessed a kami (spirit)
89
What was Zen Buddhism?
a streamlined version of Buddhism with militant aspects that appealed to the samurai class in medieval Japan
90
Japan created the world's first novel, what was it called?
“Tale of Genji”
91
What were the two Shogunates of Japanese feudalism?
1185-1333: Kamakura Shogunate
1603 - 1868: Tokugawa Shogunate
92
What was the structure of Japanese feudalism?
Shogun (supreme general)
Daimyo (regional military leader)
Samurai (warriors)
Peasants
93
What was the Shogun's role?
supreme general, controlled the centralized military govt and gave land to Daimyo
94
What was the Daimyo's role?
regional military leaders, were granted land by shogun, would give Shogun counsel and advice and return profits of the land back to Shogun
95
What was the Samurai's role?
Warriors who served daimyo as their lord, provided training by Daimyo, and return profits of the land with taxes back ot Daimyo, was the law and order and labor sources for the peasants
96
What was the peasant's role?
peasants would be the labor and give obedience to Samurai
97
What was Bushido?
strict Samurai warrior code, all about extreme honor
Governed their skills in the martial arts
Concept of Seppuku: ritual suicide to avoid capture or attenuate shame
98
What caused the Tokugawa Shogunate to rise to power?
ose to power after a century of civil war and decentralization. Yasu Tokugawa used technology to take over all of Japan, like rifles and gunpowder, instituted the practice of extreme isolationism (destroyed all other rifles and rifle makers) and closed border, only allowed trade between Japan and certain countries
99
What were the major differences between Japanese and European Feudalism?
In Japan it is completely centralized. There is only one Shogun who has complete control of all the land where in Europe it was decentralized and there were many lords
In Europe, there was primogeniture landholding. Firstborn son of a lord would inherit all the land and authority but in Japan when a Samurai or Daimyo died, it would revert back to the Shogun, and would typically only hand off the land if the son was a Samurai, was married, and had a son of its own
100
What were three of the main people groups in Pre-Columbian America?
Mayans (300-900)
Aztecs (1400-1521)
Incas (1400-1540)
101
Where were the Mayans, Aztecs and Incas located?
Mayans: Yucatan Peninsula, SE Mexico around the Caribbean sea
Aztecs: Lake Texcoco (Central Mexico)
Incas: Central-western South America, spanned 3,000 miles from North to South with capital in present-day Peru
102
What were the Mayans known for?
- Temple complexes with massive pyramids
- Large urban areas, widely dispersed
- Extensive knowledge of astronomy and mathematics
103
What was an example of a Mayan pyramid?
Chicen Itza, built with muscle power, served as religious center
104
What accomplishments did Mayans contribute to astronomy and mathematics?
Most complex and accurate theoretical calendar that predicted astronomical events with close accuracy
Came up with concept of zero and dual base ten and base five numbering system made them foundational in calculus
105
Did the Mayans ever come into contact with Spanish rule?
No, they died out in 900 but their descendants would later fall under Spanish rule
106
What two people groups were thriving communities at the time of Spanish arrival?
Aztecs and Incas
107
What was the capitol city of Aztec and why was this unique?
Tenochtitlan, built on lake shows accomplishment of Aztecs
108
What were the Aztecs known for?
- Their system of writing
(logo grams and symbolic signs)
- Militant warrior tradition (i.e. Aztec Jaguar Warriors)
- Their form of agriculture (Chinampas)
- Vast, monumental temples that led to human sacrifice in religion
- Wide causeways and roadways
109
How did the Spanish end up using the Aztec's militant war tradition against them?
they were a mercenary group who originally hired themselves out to fight for other cultures but then reverted and fought for themselves creating what appeared to be betrayal to their allies.
The spanish would use this resentment of surrounding native groups against the Aztecs
110
What form of agriculture did the Aztecs use?
Utilized many styles of terrains for agriculture, created flat plantation like agriculture and fields along terraced hillsides to protect from enemies and used small terraced fields for experimental crops
Created floating gardens or Chinampas = raised vegetable beds, made the growing season much more productive, able to yield seven crops per year, allowed for longer sustenance and defense
111
How did Aztec people defend themselves?
Build wide causeways and roadway, causeways that connected cities to mainland were form of defense, when city was under attack, the bridges could be unanchored and float away to make it impossible for city to be attacked.
112
What was the most well run and advanced people group in pre-columbian America?
The Inca's, they had an extensive empire that spanned 3,000 miles from North to South with capital in present-day Peru
113
What form of agriculture did the Inca's use?
Extensive, irrigated agricultural economy
114
What were the Inca's known for?
Achievements in building with cut stone (Macchu Picchu), sophisticated building style and architecture, built into natural architecture of mountainside and hillsides
They also created hillside architecture like the Mayans
115
Why did Spain and Portugal want to colonize the Americas?
Europeans were looking for a route to China and instead found South and Central America, the initial benefit of the discovery of the New World was access to gold and silver mines that the Chinese wanted -- but this only is available for a short amount of time because gold and silver aren’t replenishable. When this runs out, they change and move to agricultural system
116
How did Spain colonize the Americas?
Conquistadors quickly destroyed and colonized local Meso-American and South American states of the Aztecs and the Incas
They used native americans as slave labor in silver and gold mines
117
Who used the encomienda system and what was it?
The Spanish
It was a spanish labor system that rewarded conquerors with labor of subject people
118
What area did Portugal take control of in South America?
Took control of Brazil and used slave labor for mining gold and silver
119
What were the strengths of the Portuguese in colonization?
shipping and navigation advances so instead of simply getting gold and silver and selling it to china, they make their own Christian shipping center and become conduit of trade for many countries with ports
120
What was the Treaty of Tordesillas?
Pope’s attempt to maintain a diplomatic peace between Spain and Portugal, divides Portugal to have everything 500 miles east of Azores in Atlantic Ocean and Spain in the West of Azores
121
Why was the rest of Europe later to colonize the New World?
They were in the midst of religious wars so they don't start colonizing until 17th century
122
Where did Spain and Portugal colonize?
the New World, Africa and Asia
123
What was different about French and British colonization in the New World?
French created trade stations and colonies in India while Britain took
fertile soil for cash crops but also crops they can import to Britain and manufacture
124
European colonies were established as _________ centers.
agricultural
125
How and why were agricultural centers set up in the New World?
Why: To continue competing in the Asian Market (now the “World Market”) Europeans had to produce goods
They did this through exploitation of resources in Africa and the Americas (Africa, slaves brought in as cheap labor and in America, native americans land stolen)
Plantations in the Americas (i.e. Sugar plantations in the Caribbean that create rum and molasses)
English plantations in North America (tobacco and later cotton)
126
When did Buddhism's influence increase in China?
Due to Buddhism’s appeal to the removal of suffering, its influence increased during the periods of turmoil in China (Three Kingdoms, Warring States period, etc.)
In China, Buddhism lowers in importance when a new dynasty comes into power like the Tang Dynasty based on the fact of its alieness, being originally from India.
127
When did Buddhism's influence decrease in India?
Influence decreased in India due to temples destroyed by the Huns following the Gupta.
128
During what dynasty was Buddhism paired with Taoism and Confucianism to be used by leaders?
The Song Dynasty
129
How does Buddhism spread and evolve under Japan and the Mongols?
Later, with the resurgence of the Silk Road and Indian Ocean Trade Routes under the Mongols, Buddhism spreads throughout Asia, reaching Southeast Asia
In Japan, It transforms into Zen Buddhism and has a greater appeal to Samurai culture, during reign of Empress Suiko who was also a buddhist nun, used to fuel militarism and political reform
130
What were the three dynasties present in China of Late Antiquity?
The Sui, The Tang, The Song
131
What was the Sui dynasty (581-618) and what were they known for?
small dynasty, end of the civil war; establishment of central power
Created stronger protection through Great Wall of China and supplied rice crop for overpopulated north through grand canal
Completed the Grand Canal and established granaries around the country, refurbished the Great Wall of China
Founded by Yang Chien (Wen Ti -- reunited China), ended with assassination of Yang Ti, his son, rebellion
132
What Chinese leader was responsible for reuniting China?
Yang Chien (Wen Ti)
133
What dynasty came after the Sui Dynasty in 618?
The Tang Dynasty
134
What were characteristics of the Tang Dynasty?
- The strongest of the three medieval Chinese dynasties after the Han
- Had larger, more extensive borders that went from Japan in the East, Indochina in the South and modern day Tajikstan in the West
- Lasted 300 years longer than Sui b/c they reformed and reused civil service examinations
- were the next intellectual chinese golden age
- Bureaucracy was brought down by provincial warlords
135
What dynasty saw the development of block printing and were known as the golden age of Chinese poetry?
Tang Dynasty
136
The _______ dynasty saw a revival of the Silk Road through Buddhism into Tibet, Central Asia
Tang
137
After the Tang dynasty came the ______ in 1234
Song (note: it was a peaceful replacement)
138
Who was a leader of the Song Dynasty and what was he known for?
Taizu was a leader, strengthened society by basing promotion on merit, efficiently run govt
139
What were some differences between the Song and the Tang?
much smaller borders, learned lesson from Tang about having too expansive borders, didn’t resume use of Silk Road but extended trade through sea and was the first to use Navy
140
What were some of the great achievements of the Song?
- Great achievements in administration and learning
- Peacetime politics provided for a greater civil bureaucracy
- State service examination
- Rise of land-owning classes (NOT feudal!)
- Economic revolution
- Rice production doubled
141
Which dynasty is credited with creating cannons, printing, and porcelain as well as the development of large ships and ocean going technology/ magnetic compass to aid navigation
Song
142
Which dynasty was first to use paper money and gun powder?
Song
143
What led to the end of the Song dynasty and the Kingdom of Jin?
1279 Mongol Invasion
144
What were the two major West African Kingdoms?
Ghana (500-1200 CE) who would later be absorbed into Mali (1235-late 1400's CE)
145
What led to Ghana's growth in power and economic/ political stability?
An increase in Trans-Saharan trade led to its growth in power
It was a center for trade in gold from the south, in return for ivory, slaves, horses, cloth and salt
146
What occurred in Ghana in 900 that improved relations with Muslim merchants?
kings converted to Islam, improved relations with Muslim merchants (Islam though not forced on the people), under Islamic law, merchants must treat other merchants fairly
147
What were achievements of the people of Ghana?
domestication of camel for trade, dominated gold and salt trade, had own gold sources, interacted with Europe and Asia
148
Who was the well known emperor of Mali and what were his achievements?
Emperor Mansa Musa (1312-1337): devout Muslim, went on hajj to Mecca and brought african animals and slave dancers with him (increased interest in West Africa creating new trade), built libraries, mosques, schools throughout the region
149
What was the capital of Mali?
Timbuktu was political capital, regional cultural center for Islamic scholarship and art
150
Where did Mali get its economic and political power?
- Controlled and taxed all gold-salt trade
| - Rulers were Muslim, encouraged conversion to Islam
151
What was unique about the Mali military?
all clans required to provide men for the army so that no single clan had control of army
Utilized river to deploy the army, most weapons were dipped in poison
152
What was Africa like during the Middle Ages?
In Africa during the middle ages, there were a few centralized govts but for the most part the land was divided amongst tribes with diverse languages and customs, made it difficult for centralized govts to rule and made it hard to fight against later dominance of Europeans
153
What areas were considered Muslim Asia during the Middle Ages?
South and Southeast Asia
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From 1000 - 1707, India was under what rule?
Islamic rulers dominate India, they weren’t a united front but they did influence the future of the region, pockets of resistance arose from hindu countries
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What would lead to split of India?
long time arguments between hindus and muslim
In 1948, when India gained independence, it split into India, Pakistan and Bangladesh
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What was the Sultanate of Delhi (1173-1398)?
center of culture, politics and economy, marked with frequent upheaval with hindus, traded at Indus Valley pass, downfall by mongols
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What was Mughai India (1523-1707)?
a mongol dominated Northern India that practiced hinduism until arrival of Europeans in the 1700s
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How did Islam spread to Southeast Asia?
Introduced through trade with Northern India under the Delhi Sultanate; formed the center of resistance to European colonialism for many island nations.
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What were the two famous islands that battled Europeans between 1400-1800?
1403-1511: Malayans battled dutch
| 1496-1834: Sumatra
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Who created the greatest land empire in all of world history?
The Mongols
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Who were the Mongols?
A pastoral, nomadic tribal group who used their unique military strategy, psychological strategy and ability / biological warfare to conquer vast areas
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What was unique about the Mongols that gave them a military advantage?
Every Mongolian man knew how to ride a horse and sit/stand in a saddle and pull a bow and arrow. Mounted cavalry allowed them to rapidly conquer vast areas. They were also good with psychological strategy (submit and live or resist and die) and were the first to use biological warfare
Many towns surrendered before they even arrived out of fear of them
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How did the Mongols use biological warfare?
took infested blankets and other materials and infested them with the black plague and catapult them into cities
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Who was the khagan (head ruler) of all Mongol tribes?
What areas did he defeat?
1206: Chinggis (Genghis) Khan
1211: Defeat of the Jin (Jorchen) Dynasty in China
1220: Defeat of the Khwarazmshah of Persia
1223: Fall of the Kievan Kingdom of Russia
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What happened after Genghis Khan's death in 1227?
The Mongol Empire continued to expand until 1260 but confusion of succession would cause the Grandsons of Genghis Khan to relatively peacefully divide up the borders
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What was the succession of rulers in Mongolia?
Not automatically that the oldest son of ruler would become the next Khan, instead Mongolian tradition is that oldest and strongest next living male relative of ruler would inherit. Genghis Khan’s brothers and sons ruled in succession until there are no more at which point the desire to keep the peace meant that the grandsons of Genghis Khan divided the borders
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What were the divisions of the Mongolian empire?
Kublai Khan in China
Ilkhanate in the Middle Eest
Golden Horde: Mongolian lands in Russia
Kingdoms of the Jaggadai: homeland
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After which defeat in 1260 was the western expansion of the Mongols checked?
After their defeat to the Mamluks of Egypt
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What were two innovations of the Mongols?
1. The Passport: created so merchants and travels who wished to travel along Silk Road could do so
2. Unification of Silk Road: Under Mongolians, the trade of the silk road flourished
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Why was the unification of the silk road by the Mongols important?
1. European access to luxury items of Asia were now much easier to get do which would lead to the Age of Exploration much later
2. Allowed for exchange of intellectual and religion, and the exchange of disease. The Silk Road is one of the main ways the black plague reaches Europe
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The Silk Road is said to be how the west learns about the east in the ____ century
13th
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What was distinctive about Marco Polo leaving for China in 1269?
distinctive because he travels throughout Yuan (Mongol controlled China). Before this, the Indian Ocean trade routes along the water wouldn’t go into the interior enough for explorers to observe
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Who was Marco Polo and what were his accomplishments?
Italian merchant from Venice
Traveled over the Silk Road throughout the Mongol Empire in China
Influenced European interests in goods from the East
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Under what control did the Silk Road trade reach its greatest height?
Under Mongolian control
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The time when the silk road was regulated, paper money was used and two continents were united with relatively safe trade was known as what?
The Mongol Peace, There is now regulation of the Silk Road so merchants can go all the way through. Marco Polo could have a passport and travel peacefully through all four parts
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What marks the beginning of the real knowledge of China and the west?
The first time that Papal envoys reached China through Silk Road
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What renaissance came before the 14th-17th renaissance?
The 12th century renaissance was partially initiated by resurgence in classical studies from the Crusades; partly from the advances in Medieval works
Crusades brought back materials, philosophy, art, math and engineering from the Middle East and Byzantine Empire
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What is an example of the work brought back from the Middle East and Byzantine Empire?
Created resurgence in Classical studies like Dante’s Trilogy, High Gothic architecture (stained glass) used in Byzantine Empire
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Why did the 12th century renaissance not take off like they did between the 14th and 17th century renaissances?
Interrupted and set back by The Plague and then by political rivalries throughout Europe
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What and why were there political rivalries across Europe in the 12th century?
grew out of feudal fiefs and feudal lords who grew into Nation States
Political rivalries included:
Iberia where Christian principalities like Portugal challenged Muslim rule and fought against them to push them out of the Iberian Peninsula and also had them fighting with each other until the 15th century
and between England and France over the Hundred Years War
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What started the Hundred Years War?
Succession crisis motivated English ambition for the French throne, resulted in wars, peasant revolts and centuries of rivalry between England and France
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What was the argument over succession between Britain and France that led to the hundred years war?
France’s King Philip IV had three sons who died and his daughter Isabella had married the King of England Edward III. Under English Law, Edward III would also govern France but under Salic Law (France’s law), stated that no part of Salic land should be inherited by a woman and had to be French (a distant relative of Philip), they fought over this law for 100 years.
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Where did the Plague (or black death) begin and how did it spread?
Began in China in early 1300’s
| Spread along trade routes (Silk Road and sea) into India and Middle East and in 1348, the Plague reached Europe
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What was the impact of the plague in Europe?
Europe was already hampered by underperforming agriculture, famine and low wages for peasants
⅓ of Europe’s population killed by it
Why so much and less of other areas? Because in China people bathe on a regular basis and in Middle East, muslims had to wash hands before prayer but Europeans hardly ever bathed so the rats in densely packed cities could easily infiltrate
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What was the economic result of the Plague?
1. Overall population dropped, easing the problem of famine
2. Lessening of population leads to slow decline of Feudalism
3. Free peasants and urban artisans / merchants could demand higher wages -- led to free peasant working class that led to stable economic power
4. More groups competing for economic and political power
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What was the Renaissance and when did it take place?
“Rebirth” 1300 - 1500 CE -- a rebirth in knowledge of not just artistic and architecture but also in religion, politics and society
187
Where did the Renaissance start and spread to?
Starts mainly in Italy, centered in Florence and Bologna, slowly spreads north and west (but these were all separate renaissance’s)
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The Renaissance was a concentration on Humanism. What does that mean?
Essentially a concentration on individuality and humans apart from god
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Who were some of the main figures of the Renaissance and what where their works? (3)
Michelangelo -- artwork and sculpture took on human form as he saw it (Sistine Chapel, Bacchus)
Leonardo da Vinci -- artwork and engineering “Vitruvian Man” shows Renaissance humanism and focus of attention to rebirth of ancient sciences and values
Niccolo Machiavelli -- political advisor and writer who took political essay and turned it into a whole new way of political thought with book “The Prince”
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What was legendary about Machiavelli's "The Prince"?
In the Prince, the ruler has the power to rule through love, fear, or a combination for both rather than through their divine power.
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What was the intellectual impact of the Renaissance?
human centered philosophy instead of deic/god centered philosophy which led to human centered political approaches instead of divine power of kings
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What was the political impact of the Renaissance?
Calls the pope’s power into question as a religious and political leader
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What is the socioeceonomic impact of the Renaissance?
Increased demand for ancient and oriental items which increased trade which gave birth to merchant/burgess class and they start a slow rise to Industrial Revolution -- they grow so wealthy that they are able to rival the church as patrons of arts and sciences, they are able to turn cities into nation states
I.e Venice under the Medici Family -- a wealthy merchant family
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What works and influence sparked a rebirth?
Strong influences from Byzantine and Islamic works, as well as a renewed attention to ancient Greek and Roman learning
195
Who was the Medici family?
Famous Italian noble family that had become wealthy off trade with Middle East and Asia, able to become patrons of artists and scientists
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What was the religious impact of the Renaissance/
Encouraged the spread of secular thought and more critical approaches to Christianity
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What was the geography of the Renaissance?
hub of renaissance occurs in areas of Italy that border papal states as well as port areas where goods and ideas were coming in from Silk Road
198
Before the Reformation, was the role of the church?
The church provided a foundation both economically, culturally and politically. The church provided leadership and answers to suffering for people in Western Europe during the Medieval times, founder of scholasticism, seen as the answer. But the problem is that the Pope is both a spiritual and political header. He’s head of Papal States so the motivations of its actions weren’t purely religious and needs reformation
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What leaders were protesting agains the corruption of the Catholic church?
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John Wycliffe (1384)
Jan Hus (1415)
Martin Luther (1517)
Ulrich Zwingli
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What was John Wycliffe's (1384) opposition to the church and contribution to the Reformation?
He opposed religious interference into secular power; translated the Bible into English, “anti-clerical”. Believed that translating the bible into a language people could understand would help them have a better relationship with God
201
What was Jan Hus' opposition to the church and contribution to the Reformation?
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against Indulgences (certificates sold by the church forgiving all sins) and papal use of force (Crusades)
Translated the bible to Czech for same reasons as John Wycliffe
Was burned at the stake for his vocal complaints
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202
Who was known as the most influential leader of the Reformation?
Martin Luther, an Augustinian monk
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What was Martin Luther's opposition to the church and contribution to the Reformation?
He opposed clerical power, Indulgences and corruption in the Church
Wrote “The 95 Theses” against the Catholic Church nailed to the door of the the Castle Church in Wittenberg (1517), didn’t write it in Latin (the language of the church) but in German so that anybody passing by could read about his grievances of the church.
For this reason, the Pope excommunicated Martin Luther, in return Luther stated he didn’t have the power -- only God had the power to do that
Created the Protestants vs. the Catholics
204
Who was simultaneously calling for change at the same time as Martin Luther?
Ulrich Zwingli in Switzerland
205
What did Ulrich Zwingli believe in?
- Eliminating fasting during lent b/c it was unfair to peasants who couldn’t adhere to it
- Promoted clerical marriage
- Wanted elimination of images in churches to lessen distraction and foster a dialog of conversation during mass, and so that there was no idols
- Believed in direct communication with God
- Responsible for many liturgies and church doctrine in protestant churches today
- Split Swiss Confederation; half wanted to remain Catholic while the others wanted to be free and become protestant
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What did Martin Luther want to see changed in the church?
- elimination of indulgences
- translation of bible into every language (Latin or Greek meant only the very educated could read it, which gave Catholic church complete reign over religion)
- challenged authority of Pope and church and thought that everyone should have their own relationship with God
- Believed in clerical marriage (he married a nun)
- Inspired Standardized German Bible and KJV and the Protestant Church, he founded Lutheranism
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Why were Luther and Zwingli unable to combine forces?
Luther & Zwingli attempted to combine forces but they had some disagreements like the Presence of God in communion (took place at Marburg Colloquy).
Luther: body of christ present at communion
Zwingli: while he believed in omnipresence, he didn't agree that the body of christ was physically at the eucharist but at the right hand of the father
Different charismatic leaders lead separate protestant movements like John Calvin and the Calvinist movement
208
Where did Protestantism spread to?
Protestantism spread across Europe: Netherlands, Switzerland, Scandinavia, Denmark, Scotland and parts of France
209
What occurred during the Reformation in England that showed a rapid weakening of the catholic church?
1536: Church of England formed and joins Protestant Reformation (was mostly political)
210
How did the Protestant Reformation impact politics?
1618-1648: Caused conflict like The 30 Years War between the Protestant Princes of Germany and the Catholic Holy Roman Empire
211
What was the 30 Years War?
A war between the Protestant Princes of Germany and the Catholic Holy Roman Empire. Many Germanic countries who were part of the Holy Roman Empire wanted to get rid of the Emperor and were inspired because of that to become protestant
Had complex political causes concerning the sovereignty of nations, regardless of religious allegiance (ex. Catholic France aided the Protestant Dutch rebels to create ally against Hapsburg / Holy Roman Empire)
212
How did the 30 Years War end?
1648 Treaty of Westphalia: ended the war and introduced the concept of “the sovereign state” as foundations of European politics for the next three hundred years
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What does it mean to be a "Sovereign State" ?
Sovereign state meant they would be governed by their own (i.e. the Kingdom of Prussia would be governed by the King of Prussia, not the holy roman emperor who was Ferdinand III) and could take on their own domestic business. Sovereign states could pick their own religion
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What were some outcomes of the Reformation?
- Redrawing of religious map of Europe, mostly Protestants in the north and Catholics in the south (except for France)
- Decline in power of Roman Catholic Church; both political and religious
- Power struggle between citizens and monarchy, many peasant rebellions like the German Peasants War (fails but sparks trend), toppling of catholic church inspired toppling of other institutions
- Series of wars and rivalries between catholics and protestants for next 200 years
215
How did the Protestant Reformation impact England?
Civil War between Protestant Parliament and Catholic monarch Charles I, execution of Charles I is the first execution of a monarch by his subjects
216
The Scientific Revolution was a movement of ________, that people can see and understand things for themselves.
Humanism
217
What inspired the Scientific Revolution?
Inspired by what was brought back from crusades and a movement inspired by changes of knowledge and ideas in Reformation. Before the Scientific Revolution and Reformation, knowledge was all from the church and the church was the center of learning.
218
What were some ideas that the church believed that would be tested during the Scientific Revolution?
the church believed in the teachings of blood circulation by Galen and a geocentric universe by Aristotle and these weren’t questioned, to question them would be a sin
219
What was the earliest achievement of the Scientific Revolution?
Astronomy was the earliest achievement
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Who were astronomers of the Scientific Revolution and what did they contribute?
Nicholas Copernicus: On the Revolutions of Heavenly Spheres: The sun is the center of the universe, not the Earth -- Heliocentric (1543)
Galileo Galilei: developed the telescope and proved Copernicus’ theory and received persecution at the church to admit that the sun revolves around the earth
221
What two people came up with the true foundation of Scientific Revolution and what were their beliefs?
Francis Bacon and Rene Descartes come up with true foundation of the Scientific Revolution
222
What were the ideas associated with Bacon?
Inductive scientific inquiry, until you can prove it, you move forward based on theory, probable conclusions are acceptable, creator of empiricism -- knowledge comes primarily from what we observe and experience, Scientific method (hypothesis, observing, concluding)
223
What were ideas associated with Rene Descartes?
freed human thought and processing from the Catholic church, said truths must rely on the judgement of individuals
224
What did natural philosophers develop during the Scientific Revolution?
Developed the reductive method and the scientific method
225
Who believed in concepts of gravity and calculus, promoted idea that whole could be understood through its parts
Sir Isaac Newton
226
Who challenged Galen's theory on blood circulation and through experiments found that the circulatory system was one system which inspired new ideas of medicine
William Harvey
227
What was the Enlightenment and when did it take place?
Intellectual movement between 17th and 19th century, an evolution and trend that goes throughout countries in Europe, an outcome of Reformation and Humanism, influenced by achievements of Scientific Revolution and takes it beyond science into politics and society
228
How did Kant define Enlightenment in 1784?
Kant defined it as “Freedom to use one’s own intellect”
Set of social, philosophical and political thought
229
What member of the Scientific Revolution greatly influenced Enlightenment ideas?
Descartes’ Discourse on Method (I think therefore I am)
230
How did Enlightenment influence dmocracy?
Emphasized the role of the individual, freedom (freedom of thought and use of reason), use of reason, and the right of man to decide his own political life (leads to democracy -- thought not all were pro-democracy)
231
Where did the Enlightenment spark revolutions?
Resulted in revolutions such as the American and the French but also throughout Africa as divine right of kings was challenged
232
Where did the development of the concepts of legal rights come from?
The development of the concepts of legal right begins with Magna Carta and English Common Law
233
What was the Magna Carta?
Magna Carta was first document enforced upon king by subjects and subjects demanded a voice in government. Some rights that came out of it include right of habeus corpus (can’t be arrested without warrant that states what law they had broken), right to a legal trial
234
What enlightenment ideas did John Locke present and who brought them to the US?
Contractual nature of the state and the rule of law, right to life, liberty and property
Thomas Jefferson takes his laws one step further with his “pursuit of happiness”
235
What enlightenment ideas did Montesquieu present?
separation of judicial power from the executive and legislative one, based on the fact that his home country of France had less than judicious king and that power shouldn’t be rested in one group
Shown in US Constitution and has checks & balances
236
What enlightenment ideas did Rousseau present?
Social contract theory, people and subjects should give up constant striving for personal self interest and work towards common good. In working towards common good, everyone moves forward and is better
237
What enlightenment ideas did Adam Smith bring?
Wealth of Nations and freedom of enterprise
238
What enlightenment ideas did Voltair bring?
anti-religionist who advocated for secularism, individual rights like freedom of religion and expression (first amendment)
