... Flashcards

Question

Thematic Apperception Test (TATs)

Answer 1

Individuals are asked to tell a story based on a a series of ambiguous picture - What they see is not actually on the card/ in the pictures, but reflects the contents of their mind - Projective tests are still frequently used

Answer 2

- Personality tests that are more objective and less open to interpretation - Test consist of a list of questions to be answered using a limited set of response options - Responses to these items then are scored in a standardized, predetermined way - Their response can be based on their subjective experience on the scale of objective answers

Answer 3

average answers to multiple items decreases error and increases stability and reliability

Answer 4

Rational method: write items that seem directly, obviously, and rationally related to what is to be measured Factor analytic method: select items that group together by using factor analysis - a statistical technique that identifies clusters of things that have something in common Empirical method: identify items based on how people in predetermined groups respond

Answer 5

Me = part of the self that is observed and described (epistemological self) I = part of the self that does the observing and describing (ontological self)

Answer 6

Facts and impressions of ourselves that we consciously know and can describe - Self-esteem: evaluation of one’s own worth as a person (the extent to which someone feels that they are worthy and good) - Self-schema: all of one’s ideas about the Self organized into a coherent system

Answer 7

Knowledge expressed through actions rather than words Relational self: Self-knowledge based on past experiences that directs how we relate to the important people in our lives Implicit self: We have attitudes, feelings, and opinions about many things of which we are not fully aware - Relational selves and implicit selves may work unconsciously

Answer 8

Low self-esteem - Depression, dissatisfaction, loneliness, hopelessness, delinquency High self-esteem - Relationship quality social network size, social support, physical health, mental health, job success, work satisfaction Too high self-esteem - Arrogance, abusive behavior, criminal behavior, narcissism, narcissistic personality disorder

Answer 9

- Overall small negative effects of social media usage on self-esteem - Negative effects tend to be stronger in (1) women, (2) eastern cultures - Effects depends on (1) how the user engages with social media content, (2) the nature of the content, and (3) the user’s psychological characteristics - Social upward comparison: hurts self esteem/positive feedback from network size etc

Answer 10

3 Roles - Social actor who seeks to maintain social approval while being oneself - Motivated agent who strive to achieve goals, plans, projects - Autobiographical actor who reconstructs the past and imagines the future to create a coherent life story that offers continuity and purpose 4 tasks: - Self-regulation - Information-processing filter - Relate to others - Foster sense of identity

Answer 11

Long-term memory (LTM): permanent memory storage; elaboration is useful for moving information to LTM Self-Reference effect: information that gets linked to the self shows - Enhanced long-term memory - Increased accessibility - Variation across cultures

Answer 12

A person's belief in their capacity to succeed in a specific task - Sets the limits for what we attempt to do

Answer 13

Actual self = who you really are Ideal self = who you would like to be Ought self = who you should be

Answer 14

- Actual self ≠ ideal self: depression (because of disappointment at failing to achieve plans) - Actual self ≠ ought self: anxiety (because of fear at being punished by others)

Answer 15

People believe that beneath all the different forms of self there must be one single “real” self that ties it all together The core, unchanging self: - External appearances, attitudes, and behaviorrs change across situations and over time, but the one who does the experiencing of life is still the same - The I is unaltered as the Me is changed

Answer 16

1. Relevance: cues that are relevant to the trait being judged 2. Availability: evidence available for the cue 3. Detect: the cues has to be detected 4. Utilization: use those cues to make the personality judgement

Answer 17

Absolute vs Relative Consistency - Individual differences are maintained across situations, even when absolute behavior changes - Situations influence behavior, but people are still consistent - Personality affects and predicts important life outcomes and its effects accumulate over entire lifespans The Trait Approach: personality trait = the necessary, basic concept for measuring and understanding individual differences

Answer 18

- People create their situations based on their personality - Individuals select situations based on their personalities and the situations they spend time in - in turn - affect their personalities Social situations: who we are around also affects how we behave Cultural situations: language impacts our personalities Strong situations: situations may override the impact of personality

Answer 19

- The judgements others make of us amount to the reputation that we have - These judgement influence our lives in the social world, whether they are accurate Expectancies - Others’ judgements can also affect people through self-fulfilling prophecies - When people expect someone to be a certain way, they treat that person in a way that then elicits reactions that confirm their expectations

Answer 20

Out expectations of someone alter how we view their behavior

Answer 21

Process of assembling diverse pieces of information that converge on a common conclusion - Interjudge agreement (degree to which different people form the same impression) - Behavioral prediction (degree to which judgement can predict actual behavior)

Answer 22

People tend to: - (1) attribute their own behaviorr to the situation - (2) assume that others would have done the same thing