生理心理學 Flashcards

1
Q

Sexually dimorphic behavior

A

性二型行爲指的是不同性別在行爲表現上存在明顯差異的現象。這些行爲差異可以在動物和人類中觀察到,通常與性別特徵和性別角色有關。

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2
Q

Organizational effect

A

(prenatal):
The effect of a hormone on tissue differentiation and development.

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3
Q

Activational effect

A

(occur later in life):
The effect of a hormone that occurs in the fully developed organism; may depend on the organism’s prior exposure to the organizational effects of hormones.

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4
Q

Persistent Müllerian duct syndrome

A

持續米勒管綜合徵(Persistent Müllerian duct syndrome,簡稱PMDS)是一種罕見的遺傳性疾病,主要影響男性患者。該症候群指的是在男性身體內發育了米勒管的殘餘組織,而米勒管本應在胚胎髮育過程中消失。

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5
Q

Turner’s syndrome ( X0 ):

A

特納症候群(Turner’s syndrome,X0)是一種染色體異常疾病,主要影響女性。該症候群是由於女性患者缺乏或部分缺失性染色體(一般爲X染色體)引起的。

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6
Q

Lee-Boot effect

A

李-布特效應(Lee-Boot effect)是指在特定條件下,雌性小鼠群體的月經週期同步化現象。當一群雌性小鼠在無公羊(雄性)存在的環境中生活時,它們的月經週期會逐漸同步,並出現週期性的停經現象。

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7
Q

Whitten effect

A

Whitten效應是指在某些哺乳動物中,雌性在與雄性動物接觸時,會引發她們的月經週期同步化的現象。

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8
Q

Vandenbergh effect:

A

Vandenbergh效應是指在哺乳動物中,雌性動物在與雄性動物接觸後,其生理週期會發生改變,導致其排卵和發情期提前。

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9
Q

Bruce effect

A

布魯斯效應(Bruce effect)是指在某些哺乳動物中,當雌性動物受到其他雄性動物的威脅或接觸時,可能發生流產或胚胎吸收的現象。

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10
Q

Vomeronasal organ

A

涎嗅器官(vomeronasal organ)是一種位於哺乳動物鼻腔內的感覺器官,主要負責嗅覺的一種特殊功能,即嗅覺感知。它與主要的嗅覺系統有所不同,具有較爲特殊的功能和結構。

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11
Q

Medial preoptic area (MPA)

A

內前區(Medial Preoptic Area,MPA)是位於腦的前部,靠近大腦的中線的一個區域。

以下是內前區的一些特點:

性行爲調節:內前區在性行爲方面扮演重要的角色。它參與了控制性慾、性興奮、性冷淡和性行爲的調節。在雄性動物中,內前區的活動與性激素的釋放和性行爲的發生密切相關。

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12
Q

Sexually dimorphic nucleus (SDN)

A

A nucleus in the preoptic area that is much larger in males than in females; first observed in rats; plays a role in male sexual behavior.

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13
Q

Periaqueductal gray matter (PAG)
導水管周圍灰質

A

The region of the midbrain that surrounds the cerebral aqueduct; plays an essential role in various species-typical behaviors, including** female sexual behavior.**

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14
Q

Electromyogram (EMG)

A

An electrical potential recorded from an electrode placed on a muscle.

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15
Q

Electro-oculogram (EOG)

A

An electrical potential from the eyes, recorded by means of electrodes placed on the skin around them, detects eye movements.

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16
Q

Alpha activity (regular, eyes are closed)

A

A smooth electrical activity of 8 – 12 Hz recorded from the brain; generally associated with a state of relaxation.

17
Q

Delta activity

A

Regular, synchronous electrical activity of less than 4 Hz recorded from the brain; occurs** during the deepest stages of slow-wave sleep.**

18
Q

Narcolepsy

A

嗜睡症(Narcolepsy)是一種神經系統失調的睡眠障礙,主要特徵是患者會突然發作性地入睡和顯著的白天過度嗜睡。

19
Q

Sleep Apnea

A

睡眠呼吸暫停症(Sleep Apnea)是一種常見的睡眠障礙,特徵是在睡眠過程中呼吸暫停或呼吸減弱導致氧氣供應不足。

20
Q

和睡眠有關的神經導質

A
  1. Acetylcholine
  2. Norepinephrine
  3. Locus ceoruleus
21
Q

Neural Control of Arousal

A
  1. Serotonin
  2. Raphe nucleus
  3. Histamine
    4.Tuberomammillary nucleus
22
Q

腹外側視前區

A

Major sleep-promoting region

23
Q

Medial pontine reticular formation

A

中腦橋腹內側網狀結構(Medial Pontine Reticular Formation,MPRF)是一個區域,其中含有參與啓動快速眼動(REM)睡眠的神經元;它被腹側支區的乙酰膽鹼能神經元激活。

24
Q

Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

A

視上核(Suprachiasmatic Nucleus,SCN)是位於視交叉上方的一個核團。它包含一個生物時鐘,負責組織身體的許多生理節律。

25
Q

Intergeniculate leaflet

A

間體葉(Intergeniculate Leaflet,IGL)是側腦室的一部分,它接收來自視網膜的資訊並投射到視上核(SCN),其終末在視上核釋放神經肽Y(Neuropeptide Y)。

26
Q

Sound travels approximately XXX miles per hour

A

700

27
Q

Humans are sensitive to vibrations between XXXXX times per second.

A

30 and 20,000

28
Q

Pitch

A

A perceptual dimension of sound; corresponds to the fundamental frequency of the stimulus.

29
Q

Hertz

A

Cycles per second

30
Q

Loudness (dB)

A

A perceptual dimension of sound; corresponds to the intensity of the stimulus.

31
Q

Timbre

A

A perceptual dimension of sound; corresponds to the complexity of the stimulus.

32
Q

Cochlear nerve

A

耳蝸神經:
八對腦神經的一條分支,也是聽覺神經的分支之一,負責將來自耳蝸的聽覺信息傳遞到大腦。

33
Q

Vestibular sac

A

前庭囊是內耳中的一個結構,位於前庭器官內。它是由兩個小囊狀結構組成,稱為上前庭囊和下前庭囊。前庭囊含有特殊細胞,稱為椎突細胞,它們對於檢測頭部的加速度和姿勢變化非常敏感。

34
Q

Semicircular canal

A

半規管是內耳中的一個結構,由三個彎曲的管道組成,稱為前庭半規管、橫行半規管和後庭半規管。這些半規管與前庭囊相連,共同組成前庭系統。

半規管的主要功能是檢測頭部的旋轉運動。