生態學

Question 1

Batesian mimicry貝氏擬態

Answer 1

when a species mimics the warning signals of another species without having the characteristics that make it undesirable to their shared predator.

該擬態使得一些無害的物種演化出類似另外一些有毒有害物種的外表，以此來躲避天敵。該擬態由研究巴西雨林蝴蝶的英國自然學家亨利·沃爾特·貝茲命名。

Question 2

Müllerian mimicry米勒氏擬態

Answer 2

a phenomenon in which two or more species with effective defenses share a similar appearance or signaling, and by this sharing reduce the cost of associative learning, and even promote the evolution of refraining from attack by their enemies.

兩種或兩種以上有毒或味道不佳的動物，彼此之間有擬似的情形，使得捕食者不敢捕食，藉此達到防衛的目的

Question 3

隱蔽（crypsis）

Answer 3

the ability of an animal or a plant to avoid observation or detection by other animals. It may be a predation strategy or an antipredator adaptation. Methods include camouflage, nocturnality(夜行性）, subterranean lifestyle（地下生活型態） and mimicry. Crypsis can involve visual, olfactory (with pheromones) or auditory concealment.

Question 4

警戒性 (Aposematism)

Answer 4

the advertising by an animal to potential predators that it is not worth attacking or eating. This unprofitability may consist of any defenses which make the prey difficult to kill and eat, such as toxicity, venom, foul taste or smell, sharp spines, or aggressive nature. These advertising signals may take the form of conspicuous coloration, sounds, odours,or other perceivable characteristics.

Question 5

Allelopathy 異種化感、他感作用、異種克生或相剋作用

Answer 5

refers to a negative or positive effect on one type of plant, by a chemical produced by another type of plant. Various types of chemicals, including phenolics, hydroxamic acids, and short-chain fatty acids, have been identified as having allelopathic properties.

指一種生物產生一種或多種生物化學成分向環境釋出，以影響其他相鄰生物生長、生存與繁殖的生物學現象。

Question 6

Hamilton’s rule

Answer 6

asserts that a trait is favored by natural selection if the benefit to others, , multiplied by relatedness, , exceeds the cost to self, . Specifically, Hamilton’s rule states that the change in average trait value in a population is proportional to rB − C .

親緣關係越近時rB值亦隨之漸增，便越有機會產生利他行為。 而透過利他行為來增進親屬間的生殖成功度之天擇稱為「近親選擇（kin selection）」。

Question 7

monogamy

Answer 7

一夫一妻

Question 8

Polygyny

Answer 8

一夫多妻制

Question 9

Polyandry

Answer 9

一雌多雄

Question 10

promiscuity

Answer 10

亂交

Question 11

paternity

Answer 11

父子關係