演化 Flashcards
Allopatric speciation 異域種化
因地理隔離而使得原始族群形成若干個新物種的族群。 occurs when a species separates into two separate groups that are isolated from one another. A physical barrier, such as a mountain range or a waterway, makes it impossible for them to breed with one another.
Peripatric speciation邊域種化
a mode of speciation in which a new species is formed from an isolated peripheral population. Since peripatric speciation resembles allopatric speciation, in that populations are isolated and prevented from exchanging genes, it can often be difficult to distinguish between them. 種化過程中,一個小族群由於某種原因和原來的大族群隔離;隔離時,小族群的基因經歷劇烈變化;當小族群再跟大族群相遇時,已經形成不同物種。
Sympatric speciation同域性物種形成
occurs when there are no physical barriers preventing any members of a species from mating with another, and all members are in close proximity to one another. A new species, perhaps based on a different food source or characteristic, seems to develop spontaneously. 同一物种在相同的环境,直接变成不同的物种。
parapatric speciation鄰域性物種形成
occurs when a smaller population is isolated, usually at the periphery of a larger group, and becomes differentiated to the point of becoming a new species.
Artificial speciation
the creation of new species by people. This is achieved through lab experiments, where scientists mostly research insects like fruit flies.
瓶頸效應 (Bottleneck effect)
說明原本數量很多的族群因各種因素(天災、出生率下降、棲地破碎化、過度開發…等)造成族群數量銳減的現象。族群數量銳減,種內世代間的雜交降低不同基因傳遞至下一世代的數量,使得族群內有效族群的遺傳歧異度大幅降低,較無法抵抗天擇等選汰壓力(溫度驟變、族群競爭、捕食……等因素),最終將使族群面臨滅亡危機;瓶頸效應的影響在小族群內尤其明顯。
genetic drift 遺傳漂變(又稱基因漂變、基因漂移)
是指族群中基因庫在代際發生隨機改變的一種現象。由於任何一個個體的生存與繁殖都受到隨機因素的影響,繁殖過程可視作一種抽樣,子代攜帶的等位基因即是對親代抽取的一種樣本。這一過程中的抽樣誤差使子代中的等位基因頻率與親代並不相等,尤其是在小族群中。遺傳漂變可能改變某一等位基因的頻率,甚至致其完全消失,進而降低族群的遺傳多樣性。一般情況下,族群的生物個體的數量越少,遺傳漂變的效應就越強。遺傳漂變是生物進化的關鍵機制之一。
Plastid(色素體,質體)
又稱質體、質粒體、色原體,是植物、藻類、光合營性細菌中所含有的一種囊泡,與光合作用有關。囊泡中含有菌綠素與類胡蘿蔔素。
旁系同源基因(paralogous genes/paralogs)
當兩同源基因存在單一物種中,也就是同源的原因是來自基因重製(gene duplication)又各自累積變異,則稱此兩基因為旁系同源基因(paralogous genes/paralogs)
直系同源基因(orthologous genes/orthologs)
若兩基因存在於不同物種,也就是同源的原因來自於種化(speciation),則稱此兩基因為直系同源基因(orthologous genes/orthologs)。
定向選擇directional selection
是天擇的一種形式。 對於一種特徵的不同狀態而言,因為不同狀態帶給生物體的適應度有差異,其中一種狀態的適應度較高,具有此狀態的有利個體就能產生較多的子代,造成此狀態的等位基因便傾向於在族群中增加,並漸漸取代其他等位基因,此過程即稱為定向選擇。
Disruptive Selection分歧選擇
occurs when both extreme traits are favored in an environment. Disruptive selection increases genetic and phenotypic diversity in a population, since more than one phenotype, or physical trait, is favored. 描述了群體遺傳學的變化,其中性狀的極端值比中間值更受青睞。在這種情況下,性狀的變異數增加,群體被分成兩個不同的群體。在這種情況下,更多的個體在分佈曲線的兩端獲得外圍特徵值。
Stabilizing selection穩定選擇
a form of natural selection wherein individuals with moderate or average phenotypes are more fit (more likely to survive and reproduce). This form of selection picks against phenotypic extremes (e.g. the largest and the smallest are less fit).
適應輻射(英語:Adaptive Radiation)
在進化生物學中指的是從原始的一般種類演變至多種多樣、各自適應於獨特生活方式的專門物種(不包括亞物種,其指涉相互之間不能交配的物種)的過程。而這些新物種雖有差別,卻在一定程度上保留了原始物種的某些構造特點,其也各自占據了合適自己的小生境。適應輻射這個概念適用於進化史中一個短的時段內。適應輻射主要是由變異和自然選擇所推動。
Pangea 盤古大陸,泛大陸
約2億5千萬年前,板塊移動使先前分開的陸塊集結成超級大陸。約在古生代末的二疊紀(Permian period)