نفرولوژی

Question 1

If the red blood cells in the urine are dysmorphic or there are red blood cell casts, the bleeding is likely due to….

Answer 1

glomerulonephritis

Question 2

A history of a sore throat three weeks ago, combined with hypertension, edema, and hematuria for the past week, suggests suspected …

Answer 2

glomerulonephritis

Question 3

The logical next step in diagnosing glomerulonephritis is… for cellular constituents, such as red cell casts and dysmorphic red cells.

Answer 3

to examine the sediments of freshly spun urine specimens

Question 4

If there is no hypertension and leg edema all everything is there puffy eyes and no blood in the urine but protein three plus we will say …

Answer 4

nephrotic syndrome

Question 5

… نام جدیدی است برای ATN

Answer 5

Acute Kidney Injury یا AKI

Question 6

در … WBC cast دبده می‌شود.

Answer 6

پیلونفریت

Question 7

History of a sore throat three weeks ago, combined with hypertension, edema, and hematuria for the past week, suggests suspected…

Answer 7

glomerulonephritis

Question 8

…. are seen in nonspecific many renal disorders

Answer 8

Granular casts

Question 9

… are seen in concentrated urine or diuretic use or as a normal finding.

Answer 9

Hyaline casts

Question 10

Glomerulonephritis and vasculitis may have …. Casts.

Answer 10

RBC

Question 11

Waxy casts are seen in ….

Answer 11

Advanced renal failure

Question 12

…. are seen in pyelonephritis, acute interstitial nephritis and various glomerular diseases.

Answer 12

White cell casts

Question 13

Microalbuminuria is defined as ACR … in males or … in females

Answer 13

≥ 2 mg/mmol

≥ 2.8 mg/mmol

Question 14

ACR more than … is associated with heavy proteinuria.

Answer 14

30 mg/mmol

Question 15

… is a prognostic marker of diabetic and hypertensive nephropathy.,

Answer 15

AC R

Question 16

Patients with a … tend to excrete more creatinine, which can lead to a false-negative microalbumin/creatinine ratio.
In contrast, patients with … have lower creatinine excretion, which can result in a false-positive microalbumin/creatinine ratio.

…can cause temporary microalbuminuria, potentially leading to false-positive microalbumin/creatinine ratios.

Answer 16

large muscle mass

cachexia

Fever, vigorous exercise, heart failure, and poor glycemic control

Question 17

What is Levophed?

Answer 17

Levophed (norepinephrine bitartrate) is a vasoconstrictor, similar to adrenaline, used to treat life-threatening low blood pressure (hypotension) that can occur with certain medical conditions or surgical procedures

Question 18

low dose … increase the tone of the arterioles to increase blood pressure peripheral resistance, but dilate afferent arteriole of kidney.

Answer 18

Dopamine

Question 19

در فرد مبتلا به دیابت قبل از تزریق کنتراست کدام دارو باید قطع شود؟ از چه زمانی؟

Answer 19

متفورمین- صبح روز آزمایش