غدد Flashcards
FBS in pre- diabetes?
5.6 (100 mg)- 6.9
In a diabetic patient on Metformin, optimum and target of A1c?
Optimum= < 6.5
Target= < 7
Canadian guideline for targets in diabetes (on medication)?
FBS ? PP? Lipid? BP??
FBS: 4-7 mmole/ dL
PP: 5-10
Lipid: as moderate to high risk group
BP: 130/80
Canadian guidelines for energy intake in diabetes?
for Diet daily carbohydrate intake 45-60% of energy, protein 15-20% of energy and fat ‹35% of energy o intake of saturated fats <7% and polyunsaturated fats ‹10% of total calories each
OGTT in whom?
Pre-diabetic + RF
What is the
recommended first-line
medication if HbA1c is ≥8.5% a diabetic patient?
Metformin
What is the glucose threshold for gestational diabetes on a glucose challenge test?.
≥7.8 mmol/L on a 50g glucose test
How do SGLT2 inhibitors benefit diabetic patients with
heart failure?
They lower blood glucose and reduce heart failure risk.
What medication is commonly used to manage gestational diabetes?
Glyburide
What is the average
HbA1c reduction achieved
with SGLT2 inhibitors?
By 1.5%
What is the main function of GLP-1 analogues in diabetes management?
They stimulate insulin secretion and reduce appetite, helping manage diabetes.
When should an OGTT be considered for a pre-diabetic patient?
An OGTT is recommended if the patient has additional risk factors
OGTT stands for Oral Glucose Tolerance Test.
What is required for a diabetes diagnosis?
Two abnormal tests: fasting glucose ≥7 mmol/L or HbA1c ≥6.5%
These tests confirm the presence of diabetes based on established criteria.
What is the recommended medication for HbA1c ≥8.5% or fasting glucose ≥7 mmol/L?
Metformin
Metformin is often the first-line medication for managing elevated blood glucose levels.
What indicates gestational diabetes?
Glucose challenge test
This test helps diagnose gestational diabetes during pregnancy.
What are SGLT2 inhibitors effective for?
Diabetes and heart failure
SGLT2 inhibitors help lower HbA1c by approximately 1.5%.
Fill in the blank: Regular _______ checks are important for managing pre-diabetes.
HbA1c
Monitoring HbA1c levels helps track glucose control over time.
What lifestyle modifications should be advised for pre-diabetic patients?
Diet and exercise
These changes can significantly impact glucose levels and overall health.
What does OGTT stand for?
Oral Glucose Tolerance Test
OGTT is used to assess how well the body metabolizes glucose.
What are the two components of OGTT?
Tolerance and fasting glucose levels
These components help differentiate between normal, impaired, and diabetic ranges.
What is the significance of waist circumference in metabolic syndrome?
It helps identify abdominal obesity
Waist circumference is a key measurement for assessing metabolic syndrome risk.
Which medications are commonly discussed for managing diabetes?
- Metformin
- SGLT2 inhibitors
- GLP-1 analogs
Each medication has different mechanisms and effects on blood glucose levels.
True or False: Insulin is used for metabolically decompensated patients with pH <7.3.
True
Insulin administration is critical in severe metabolic imbalances.
What risks are associated with high HbA1c levels during pregnancy?
Congenital abnormalities
High HbA1c can lead to complications for both the mother and fetus.
What are 2 lifestyle modifications in managing pre-diabetes?
Dietary advice and avoiding fasting
These modifications can help lower blood glucose and prevent diabetes progression.
Fill in the blank: The first-line treatment for elevated blood glucose levels includes _______.
Metformin
Metformin is often prescribed as an initial treatment for diabetes.
What is the classification used in risk stratification?
High, moderate, and low-risk groups
Identifying risk levels helps tailor preventive measures and treatment plans.
What are the criteria for diagnosing diabetes?
- Symptoms
- Random blood sugar levels
- HbA1c
Multiple criteria are used to ensure accurate diagnosis.
What is the importance of monitoring blood glucose levels?
To adjust insulin doses as needed
Regular monitoring is essential for effective diabetes management.
What is the emergency management approach for diabetes?
Use of arterial blood gas tests and insulin administration
Recognizing metabolic decompensation is crucial for timely intervention.
What is the main approach to managing pre-diabetes?
Lifestyle modifications, including diet and exercise, are the primary approach to managing pre-diabetes.
How frequently should HbA1c be tested in a pre-diabetic patient?
HbA1c should be tested more frequently in pre-diabetic patients to monitor progression.
When should an OGTT be considered for a pre-diabetic patient?
An OGTT is recommended if a pre-diabetic patient has additional risk factors.
What advice should be given to a patient with impaired fasting glucose (IFG) regarding fasting duration?
Patients with IFG should avoid extended fasting periods to prevent glucose spikes.
What is the primary criterion for diagnosing pre-diabetes in a 42-year-old patient with a fasting blood glucose of 6.5 mmol/L?
A fasting blood glucose of 6.5 mmol/L meets the threshold for pre-diabetes.
Why are regular HbA1c checks important for pre-diabetes?
Regular HbA1c checks help track glucose levels and prevent progression to diabetes.
What are the two main components of an OGTT?
The OGTT includes tolerance to glucose intake and fasting glucose levels.
What is the range for impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) in an OGTT?
IGT is indicated when glucose levels fall between normal and diabetic thresholds after glucose intake.
What role does the liver play in glucose production during fasting?
The liver releases glucose during fasting, affecting blood sugar levels, especially in IFG.
What dietary modifications are recommended for patients with pre-diabetes?
A low-carb, low-fat diet is recommended to manage pre-diabetes.
What is metabolic syndrome, and why is it relevant in pre-diabetes?
Metabolic syndrome includes risk factors like abdominal obesity and high blood pressure, increasing the risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disease.
What are the diagnostic criteria for diabetes based on fasting glucose?
Diabetes is diagnosed if fasting glucose is ≥7 mmol/L.
How many abnormal test results are required to confirm a diabetes diagnosis?
Two abnormal results are necessary to confirm a diabetes diagnosis.
What is the recommended first-line medication if HbA1c is ≥8.5% in a diabetic patient?
Metformin is recommended as first-line therapy for HbA1c ≥8.5%.
When is insulin indicated for diabetic patients based on pH levels?
Insulin is used if the patient is metabolically decompensated with a pH <7.3.
What is the role of long-acting insulin in managing fasting glucose levels?
Long-acting insulin helps control liver glucose production, stabilizing fasting glucose.
Why should insulin use be reported to the Ministry of Transport?
Reporting is legally required to ensure safe driving due to hypoglycemia risks.
What is the glucose threshold for gestational diabetes on a glucose challenge test?
The threshold varies but typically a value ≥7.8 mmol/L on a 50g glucose test indicates gestational diabetes.
What medication is commonly used to manage gestational diabetes?
Glyburide is commonly prescribed for managing blood glucose in gestational diabetes.
Why is close monitoring of HbA1c levels important during pregnancy?
High HbA1c levels increase risks of congenital abnormalities in the fetus.
What type of specialist should be consulted for managing diabetes during pregnancy?
Collaboration with an obstetrician is recommended for managing diabetes during pregnancy.
How do SGLT2 inhibitors benefit diabetic patients with heart failure?
SGLT2 inhibitors lower blood glucose and reduce heart failure risk.
What is the average HbA1c reduction achieved with SGLT2 inhibitors?
SGLT2 inhibitors can reduce HbA1c by approximately 1.5%.
What is the main function of GLP-1 analogs in diabetes management?
GLP-1 analogs stimulate insulin secretion and reduce appetite, helping manage diabetes.
What are the key side effects of Metformin?
Common side effects include gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea and diarrhea.
What is the benefit of combining medications for diabetes management?
Combination therapies help achieve optimal glucose control by targeting different pathways.
What dietary advice complements medication therapy in diabetes management?
A balanced diet low in processed sugars and fats supports medication efficacy.
How is risk stratification used in diabetes care?
Risk stratification identifies high-risk patients for preventive treatments like statins.
What is a key factor in classifying metabolic syndrome related to diabetes risk?
Waist circumference is a primary measure, indicating abdominal obesity risk.
What role do the Framingham studies play in diabetes risk assessment?
These studies help classify patients into high, moderate, and low-risk groups.
Why is emergency management of diabetes important?
Rapid intervention can prevent complications during metabolic decompensation.
What test is used to assess pH and bicarbonate levels in diabetic emergencies?
Arterial blood gas (ABG) tests are used to evaluate metabolic decompensation.
Why might a venous blood gas test be used instead of an ABG in emergencies?
Venous blood gas can be a less invasive alternative, providing quick pH assessments.
What department is primarily responsible for managing acute diabetes complications?
The emergency department handles acute diabetes-related emergencies.
Why is it important to have at least two abnormal glucose tests to diagnose diabetes?
Multiple tests ensure accuracy and reduce the likelihood of false positives.
What are the ideal fasting glucose levels for managing diabetes with lifestyle alone?
Fasting glucose should ideally be <7 mmol/L for lifestyle-based management.
How often should HbA1c be monitored in diagnosed diabetes?
HbA1c should be checked every 3–6 months to monitor diabetes control.
What is the target HbA1c level for most diabetes patients?
The target HbA1c is typically <7% to minimize complication risks.
What is the main glucose-lowering effect of SGLT2 inhibitors?
They increase glucose excretion in the urine, lowering blood glucose levels.
What precautions are necessary when prescribing SGLT2 inhibitors to heart failure patients?
Monitor for signs of dehydration and electrolyte imbalances.
What are the benefits of adding GLP-1 analogs to insulin therapy?
They reduce insulin dose requirements and help manage weight.
How does pregnancy affect diabetes management in terms of insulin needs?
Insulin requirements often increase due to hormonal changes.
What is the primary action of Metformin in diabetes?
Metformin reduces hepatic glucose production, aiding blood sugar control.
When is combination therapy typically considered for diabetes?
When lifestyle and single-drug therapy fail to maintain target HbA1c levels.
What monitoring is required for patients on combination therapies?
Regular glucose and HbA1c checks are necessary to prevent hypoglycemia.
How can high-risk diabetes patients benefit from statins?
Statins lower cardiovascular risk, which is often elevated in diabetes.
What lifestyle changes can help in managing metabolic syndrome?
Reducing abdominal obesity through diet and exercise is key.
What is the main goal of emergency diabetes treatment in the ED?
Stabilize blood glucose and address any pH or bicarbonate imbalances.
Why is close coordination with specialists recommended for high-risk diabetic patients?
Specialized input helps tailor treatment, especially with comorbidities.
What is the risk of untreated gestational diabetes?
It can lead to fetal complications, such as macrosomia and hypoglycemia.
What dietary pattern is recommended to help manage diabetes and pre-diabetes?
A Mediterranean or low-carb diet is often recommended, as it supports blood sugar control and heart health.
Why is regular monitoring of HbA1c levels important in diabetes management?
It allows healthcare providers to assess long-term blood glucose control and adjust treatment if needed.
What effect does Metformin have on the body’s insulin sensitivity?
Metformin improves insulin sensitivity, especially in the liver, helping lower blood glucose levels.
How can weight loss impact HbA1c levels in patients with type 2 diabetes?
Weight loss generally lowers HbA1c, often resulting in better blood sugar control and possibly reduced medication needs.
What is the primary goal of diabetes management in pregnant women?
To maintain blood glucose within target ranges to reduce the risk of complications for both mother and baby.
How does physical activity affect insulin resistance?
Exercise increases insulin sensitivity, allowing muscles to better absorb glucose from the bloodstream.
What is the recommended fasting blood glucose range for most diabetes patients?
The typical target is 4.4–7.2 mmol/L, though individual goals may vary.
Why are SGLT2 inhibitors beneficial for diabetes patients with heart failure?
SGLT2 inhibitors reduce blood sugar, decrease blood pressure, and lower the risk of heart failure hospitalization.
How often should patients with diabetes monitor their blood glucose levels?
Frequency depends on treatment, but many are advised to check at least once daily, especially those on insulin.
Why is it important to test both fasting and postprandial (after-meal) glucose levels in diabetes management?
Monitoring both helps identify blood sugar trends and manage diabetes more effectively by adjusting diet or medication.
What is the role of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) in diabetes care?
CGM provides real-time blood glucose readings, helping patients and providers make more timely management decisions.
How does stress management contribute to better blood glucose control in diabetes?
Reducing stress can lower cortisol levels, which can help decrease blood glucose levels.
Why should patients with diabetes avoid excessive alcohol consumption?
Alcohol can cause hypoglycemia, especially in patients taking insulin or certain oral diabetes medications.
What are the primary signs of diabetic neuropathy?
Symptoms include numbness, tingling, pain, and weakness, especially in the feet and hands.
How does sleep quality affect blood sugar levels in people with diabetes?
Poor sleep can worsen insulin resistance, leading to higher blood glucose levels.
What is the purpose of the glucose challenge test in diagnosing gestational diabetes?
The test assesses how well a pregnant woman’s body handles glucose to detect gestational diabetes.
How does high blood pressure affect diabetes complications?
High blood pressure can worsen diabetes complications, such as kidney disease and cardiovascular issues.
Why is portion control important for diabetes patients?
It helps prevent overeating, which can lead to blood sugar spikes and weight gain.
What is the effect of combining GLP-1 analogs with Metformin in diabetes treatment?
Combining these medications often results in better blood glucose control and weight loss.
How can diabetic patients prevent hypoglycemia when exercising?
They can monitor blood glucose levels before and after exercise and adjust food intake or insulin doses as needed.
What role does dietary protein play in managing diabetes?
Protein helps stabilize blood sugar and can prevent spikes when eaten with carbohydrates.
Why is it important for people with diabetes to regularly monitor cholesterol levels?
High cholesterol increases the risk of cardiovascular complications, which are more common in diabetes.
How does fiber intake affect blood sugar levels?
Fiber slows down the absorption of sugar, helping to maintain more stable blood glucose levels.
What is the target HbA1c level for most people with type 2 diabetes?
The general target is <7%, but this may vary depending on individual health factors.
Why is regular foot examination crucial for diabetes patients?
Diabetic neuropathy and poor circulation increase the risk of foot injuries and infections, which can lead to serious complications.
How does a high-salt diet impact diabetes patients?
Excessive salt can raise blood pressure, which can worsen diabetes-related complications.
What are the main dietary sources of simple sugars that people with diabetes should limit?
Foods high in added sugars, such as sugary drinks, desserts, and candies.
How can a diabetes care team support effective disease management?
The team can provide medical, nutritional, and psychological guidance tailored to the patient’s needs.
What are the benefits of GLP-1 receptor agonists for diabetes management?
They help lower blood glucose, promote weight loss, and may reduce cardiovascular risk.
What symptoms might indicate high blood sugar in a person with diabetes?
Symptoms include frequent urination, increased thirst, blurred vision, and fatigue.
Why is it important for diabetes patients to have regular kidney function tests?
Diabetes can damage kidneys, and regular testing can help detect early signs of kidney disease.
How do statins benefit diabetes patients at high risk for cardiovascular disease?
Statins lower cholesterol, reducing the risk of heart attack and stroke in diabetes patients.
What role does hydration play in blood glucose management for diabetes patients?
Staying hydrated helps kidneys flush out excess glucose and supports better glucose control.
How does aerobic exercise benefit blood glucose levels in diabetes?
Aerobic exercise improves insulin sensitivity and can help lower blood sugar.
What is the purpose of diabetes self-management education?
It equips patients with knowledge and skills for daily management, including monitoring, diet, and exercise.
Why should diabetes patients avoid trans fats?
Trans fats increase the risk of heart disease and worsen insulin resistance.
What is hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS) and its symptoms?
HHS is a severe form of hyperglycemia with symptoms like extreme dehydration, confusion, and high blood sugar.
Why is it important to monitor blood glucose before bed in diabetes?
It helps prevent nocturnal hypoglycemia, particularly in patients using insulin.
What are the common side effects of Metformin?
Side effects include gastrointestinal issues such as nausea, diarrhea, and stomach discomfort.
How do GLP-1 agonists help with weight loss in diabetes?
They decrease appetite and slow gastric emptying, promoting satiety and reducing calorie intake.
What are the symptoms of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)?
Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, rapid breathing, and a fruity odor on the breath.
How does regular physical activity benefit blood pressure control in diabetes?
It helps lower blood pressure, reducing the risk of complications in diabetes patients.
Why is early detection of pre-diabetes important?
Early detection allows for lifestyle changes to prevent or delay the onset of diabetes.
What is the effect of dehydration on blood glucose levels?
Dehydration can cause blood glucose to become concentrated, raising blood sugar levels.
Why are combination therapies often used in diabetes management?
Combination therapies provide better glucose control by targeting different mechanisms of glucose regulation.
What dietary adjustment is recommended for diabetes patients with kidney disease?
Reducing protein intake can help prevent further kidney damage.
Why is it essential to monitor blood glucose levels after meals in diabetes?
Post-meal monitoring helps identify how different foods impact blood sugar and manage glucose spikes.
What is the Dawn Phenomenon in diabetes?
It is a natural rise in blood sugar in the early morning hours due to hormonal changes.
Why should diabetes patients avoid skipping medications without consulting a doctor?
Skipping medications can lead to uncontrolled blood sugar and increase the risk of complications.
How does regular resistance training benefit people with diabetes?
Resistance training improves muscle strength, increases insulin sensitivity, and aids in glucose control.
What is the impact of consuming high-glycemic-index foods for someone with diabetes?
High-glycemic foods cause rapid spikes in blood sugar, making glucose control more challenging.
Why is meal planning important in diabetes management?
Planned meals help maintain consistent blood sugar levels and reduce the risk of glucose spikes.
How do beta cells in the pancreas relate to diabetes?
Beta cells produce insulin, and their dysfunction or loss is a key factor in diabetes.
What is the typical duration of action for rapid-acting insulin?
Rapid-acting insulin usually works within 15 minutes and lasts 2–4 hours.
How does insulin resistance develop in type 2 diabetes?
Cells become less responsive to insulin over time, leading to elevated blood glucose levels.
What is the primary difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes?
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune condition with insulin deficiency, while type 2 involves insulin resistance.
Why is carbohydrate counting beneficial for people with diabetes?
It helps patients estimate the insulin needed for meals and control blood sugar levels.
What role does the liver play in blood glucose regulation?
The liver releases stored glucose, helping maintain normal blood sugar during fasting.
How does high blood sugar affect vision in diabetes patients?
It can cause blurry vision and, over time, damage the blood vessels in the retina.
Why are diabetes patients advised to limit saturated fats?
Saturated fats can worsen insulin resistance and increase heart disease risk.
What is an insulin pump, and who might benefit from it?
An insulin pump is a device for continuous insulin delivery, beneficial for those requiring tight glucose control.
What are ketones, and why are they monitored in diabetes?
Ketones are byproducts of fat metabolism, which can accumulate and indicate diabetic ketoacidosis.
Why is it essential to address high cholesterol in diabetes patients?
High cholesterol contributes to cardiovascular complications, a common risk in diabetes.
How can fiber in the diet help manage blood sugar levels?
Fiber slows sugar absorption, helping to prevent rapid increases in blood glucose.
What are the primary goals of diabetes education programs?
To provide knowledge and skills for effective blood sugar management, including diet, exercise, and medication.
How does obesity increase the risk of developing type 2 diabetes?
Excess fat contributes to insulin resistance, a key factor in type 2 diabetes development.
What is basal insulin, and when is it used?
Basal insulin is long-acting insulin used to control blood sugar between meals and overnight.
What are the potential risks of untreated gestational diabetes?
It increases risks for both mother and baby, including high birth weight and future type 2 diabetes.
How does stress impact blood glucose levels?
Stress raises cortisol, which can increase blood glucose and make diabetes harder to manage.
What are some common causes of hypoglycemia in diabetes patients?
Causes include skipping meals, excessive insulin, increased physical activity, or alcohol consumption.
What is the Somogyi effect in diabetes?
It is a rebound hyperglycemia that occurs after a hypoglycemic episode, often overnight.
Why is high blood pressure dangerous for people with diabetes?
It increases the risk of kidney disease, heart disease, and stroke.
How often should people with diabetes see an eye specialist?
An annual eye exam is recommended to monitor for diabetic retinopathy.
Why is it essential to rotate insulin injection sites?
Rotating sites prevents lipodystrophy, which can interfere with insulin absorption.
What is the impact of consuming protein with carbohydrates for blood sugar control?
Protein can help slow carbohydrate absorption, leading to a more gradual increase in blood sugar.
Why are foot exams critical for diabetes patients?
Diabetes can cause nerve damage and poor circulation, increasing the risk of foot injuries and infections.
What lifestyle changes are often recommended to manage pre-diabetes?
Lifestyle changes include a balanced diet, regular exercise, weight management, and reducing sugar intake.
Why is Metformin often the first-line medication for type 2 diabetes?
Metformin is effective, has a favorable safety profile, and improves insulin sensitivity.
What is the main difference between rapid-acting and long-acting insulin?
Rapid-acting insulin works quickly to manage blood sugar after meals, while long-acting insulin provides steady control.
How does physical activity benefit people with type 2 diabetes?
Exercise improves insulin sensitivity, lowers blood glucose, and supports weight management.
What is a diabetic foot ulcer, and why is it a concern?
It’s an open sore that can become infected and lead to serious complications if untreated.
Why is it important to avoid smoking in diabetes?
Smoking worsens insulin resistance and increases the risk of heart and vascular complications.
What is the purpose of a glycemic target in diabetes care?
It provides a blood sugar goal to reduce the risk of complications and improve quality of life.
How does bariatric surgery impact diabetes?
It can significantly improve or even resolve type 2 diabetes in some individuals.
Why are postprandial glucose levels monitored in diabetes?
Postprandial monitoring helps assess blood sugar response to meals, guiding dietary and medication adjustments.
What is insulin-to-carbohydrate ratio, and why is it used?
It’s a personalized calculation to determine insulin needed per carbohydrate gram, helping manage meal-related glucose levels.
Why is protein important in a diabetic diet?
Protein has minimal effect on blood glucose and helps maintain satiety and muscle mass.
What symptoms might indicate hypoglycemia in someone with diabetes?
Symptoms include sweating, shaking, confusion, and irritability.
Why are combination medications beneficial in diabetes management?
They target different aspects of glucose regulation, often achieving better control.
What is gestational diabetes, and how is it diagnosed?
It’s high blood sugar during pregnancy, diagnosed with an oral glucose tolerance test.
How does alcohol affect blood glucose levels in people with diabetes?
Alcohol can cause hypoglycemia, especially when combined with diabetes medications or on an empty stomach.
What is diabetic retinopathy?
It’s a diabetes complication affecting the eyes, caused by damage to the blood vessels in the retina.
Why is it important to eat meals at regular intervals for diabetes?
Regular meals help maintain stable blood sugar and prevent large fluctuations.
How do artificial sweeteners impact blood sugar levels?
Most artificial sweeteners do not raise blood glucose, making them a low-calorie alternative.
Why should patients with diabetes get vaccinated against the flu?
Illnesses like the flu can worsen blood glucose control and lead to complications.
What does an A1c of 8.5% indicate in diabetes?
An A1c of 8.5% indicates poor blood sugar control and increased risk of complications.
Why is blood pressure control important in diabetes management?
Controlling blood pressure reduces the risk of heart and kidney complications in diabetes patients.
What is the difference between type 1 and type 1.5 diabetes?
Type 1.5 diabetes, or LADA, is a slower-progressing autoimmune form of diabetes that may initially be mistaken for type 2.
How does kidney disease affect diabetes management?
Kidney disease can affect medication choices and requires careful blood glucose and blood pressure management.
What is the role of omega-3 fatty acids in diabetes management?
Omega-3s support heart health, which is especially important in people with diabetes.
What is the purpose of regular dental check-ups for diabetes patients?
Diabetes can increase the risk of gum disease, so regular dental care helps maintain oral health.
Why is it important to manage cholesterol levels in diabetes?
High cholesterol increases cardiovascular risk, which is already elevated in diabetes.
What is hypoglycemia unawareness?
It’s a condition where individuals don’t feel typical low blood sugar symptoms, increasing risk of severe hypoglycemia.
How does a high-fiber diet benefit diabetes patients?
High fiber helps slow digestion, stabilize blood sugar, and improve satiety.
Why should diabetes patients limit processed foods?
Processed foods often contain added sugars and unhealthy fats, which can worsen blood sugar control.
What is the recommended daily intake of carbohydrates for someone with diabetes?
Carbohydrate intake varies by individual needs but is often between 45–60 grams per meal.
How does dehydration affect blood glucose levels in diabetes?
Dehydration can cause blood glucose levels to rise due to lower fluid volume in the blood.
What are some high-fiber foods beneficial for diabetes management?
Foods such as whole grains, legumes, fruits, and vegetables are rich in fiber and help regulate blood sugar.
Why is protein intake particularly important in diabetic diets?
Protein helps stabilize blood sugar levels and can promote satiety, reducing the likelihood of overeating.
What impact does smoking have on blood glucose control?
Smoking can increase insulin resistance and exacerbate vascular complications in people with diabetes.
What are the effects of alcohol on blood glucose levels for those with diabetes?
Alcohol can cause blood sugar to drop, especially when consumed without food, posing a risk for hypoglycemia.
How does stress management contribute to better diabetes control?
Managing stress reduces cortisol levels, which can help lower blood sugar and improve insulin sensitivity.
What is the recommended carbohydrate intake per meal for people with diabetes?
Generally, 45-60 grams per meal, depending on individual needs and activity levels.
What are the warning signs of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)?
Symptoms include excessive thirst, frequent urination, nausea, abdominal pain, and confusion.
How often should HbA1c be monitored in patients with diabetes?
Typically every 3-6 months, depending on how well blood sugar is controlled.
What lifestyle modification is recommended to reduce the risk of diabetes complications?
Regular physical activity, a balanced diet, smoking cessation, and weight management.
Why is it important for people with diabetes to monitor their feet daily?
Daily checks help detect minor injuries or infections early, reducing the risk of severe complications.
What effect does regular exercise have on blood glucose levels?
Exercise increases insulin sensitivity, helping muscles absorb glucose and lowering blood sugar levels.
What is the Dawn Phenomenon in diabetes?
It’s an early-morning rise in blood sugar due to hormonal changes, often seen in diabetes patients.
How does fiber benefit blood glucose control in diabetes patients?
Fiber slows down carbohydrate absorption, helping prevent blood sugar spikes.
What is the difference between hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia?
Hypoglycemia is low blood sugar, while hyperglycemia is high blood sugar.
Why should diabetes patients limit their intake of sugary beverages?
Sugary drinks cause rapid blood sugar spikes and provide empty calories without nutritional benefits.
What role does the liver play in blood glucose regulation?
The liver stores glucose and releases it as needed, helping to maintain stable blood sugar levels.
Why are foot infections dangerous for diabetes patients?
Poor circulation and neuropathy can lead to severe infections and delayed healing.
What are ketones, and why are they dangerous in diabetes?
Ketones are byproducts of fat metabolism that can accumulate and lead to ketoacidosis if uncontrolled.
How can diabetes increase the risk of heart disease?
High blood sugar damages blood vessels and increases cholesterol, raising cardiovascular risk.
What is metabolic syndrome, and how is it related to diabetes?
Metabolic syndrome is a group of conditions (high blood pressure, cholesterol, waist circumference) that raise diabetes risk.
How does high blood pressure affect diabetes patients?
High blood pressure can worsen kidney damage and increase the risk of cardiovascular events.
Why is it essential for diabetes patients to stay hydrated?
Hydration helps kidneys remove excess glucose from the blood and supports overall blood sugar control.
What is the goal of blood sugar management in diabetes?
To maintain blood glucose within a target range to prevent complications and promote well-being.
What are the two main types of diabetes?
Type 1 diabetes, which is autoimmune, and type 2 diabetes, which is often related to insulin resistance.
What is the primary function of insulin in the body?
Insulin helps cells absorb glucose from the blood to be used for energy.
Why is protein important in a diabetes diet?
Protein helps slow carbohydrate digestion and prevents rapid blood sugar increases.
What is the purpose of an HbA1c test in diabetes management?
HbA1c measures average blood glucose over 2-3 months, indicating overall glucose control.
Why is it important for people with diabetes to avoid processed foods?
Processed foods often contain hidden sugars and unhealthy fats that can worsen blood glucose control.
What effect does caffeine have on blood glucose?
Caffeine may raise blood glucose levels in some people by increasing adrenaline.
What is the purpose of the Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT)?
The OGTT helps diagnose diabetes and pre-diabetes by measuring glucose response after drinking a sugary solution.
What are common symptoms of diabetes?
Symptoms include excessive thirst, frequent urination, fatigue, blurred vision, and slow wound healing.
Why is it crucial for diabetes patients to manage cholesterol levels?
High cholesterol can exacerbate the risk of cardiovascular complications associated with diabetes.
What is basal insulin?
Basal insulin is long-acting insulin that maintains steady glucose levels between meals.
How does high blood glucose affect kidney function in diabetes?
Chronic high glucose damages kidney blood vessels, leading to diabetic nephropathy.
What are GLP-1 receptor agonists, and how do they help in diabetes management?
GLP-1 agonists increase insulin secretion and reduce appetite, aiding in glucose control and weight loss.
Why is regular blood sugar monitoring essential in diabetes?
It helps patients understand their glucose trends and adjust their treatment as needed.
How does high blood sugar damage nerves in diabetes?
Prolonged high glucose damages the nerve’s blood supply, leading to neuropathy.
What is the primary cause of type 1 diabetes?
An autoimmune attack on insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas.
How can losing weight improve blood sugar control in type 2 diabetes?
Weight loss reduces insulin resistance, helping lower blood glucose levels.
What is the main treatment goal for gestational diabetes?
To control blood sugar levels and minimize risks for both mother and baby.
What role does the pancreas play in diabetes?
The pancreas produces insulin, which regulates blood sugar levels.
How does Metformin work in managing diabetes?
Metformin lowers blood glucose by reducing liver glucose production and improving insulin sensitivity.
What is diabetic retinopathy?
It’s an eye condition caused by damage to blood vessels in the retina due to high blood sugar.
How can managing stress benefit blood glucose control?
Lowering stress can reduce cortisol levels, leading to better glucose regulation.
Why is it important for people with diabetes to maintain a healthy weight?
Healthy weight reduces insulin resistance and lowers the risk of complications.
What are the common side effects of Metformin?
Common side effects include gastrointestinal issues like nausea and diarrhea.
Why is it important to rotate insulin injection sites?
Rotating sites prevents skin complications and ensures consistent insulin absorption.
How does exercise help lower blood glucose levels in diabetes?
Exercise increases insulin sensitivity and helps muscles use glucose for energy.
What are the benefits of combining medications in diabetes treatment?
Combination therapy can address different aspects of blood glucose regulation more effectively.
Why is it important for diabetes patients to have regular check-ups?
Regular check-ups help monitor blood glucose, check for complications, and adjust treatment plans.
What is insulin resistance?
It’s when cells do not respond effectively to insulin, leading to high blood sugar.
How does the HbA1c test differ from a blood glucose test?
HbA1c reflects average blood glucose over months, while a blood glucose test gives a single-time result.
What is diabetic nephropathy?
Kidney damage caused by high blood glucose.
Why is blood pressure control important in diabetes management?
High blood pressure can exacerbate kidney and cardiovascular complications in diabetes.
What is the ‘Rule of 15’ for treating hypoglycemia?
If blood sugar is low, consume 15 grams of carbs, wait 15 minutes, and recheck blood sugar.
What is insulin stacking, and why is it dangerous?
Insulin stacking is taking additional doses before previous insulin has fully absorbed, risking hypoglycemia.
How does diabetes increase the risk of infections?
High glucose impairs immune response, making it harder to fight infections.
What is the role of carbohydrates in diabetes management?
Carbs impact blood sugar the most, so counting and timing intake helps control glucose levels.
Why is foot care critical for people with diabetes?
Neuropathy can prevent them from feeling injuries, which can lead to infections and ulcers.
What does an insulin pump do?
It delivers insulin continuously and can be programmed to match individual blood sugar patterns.
What dietary pattern is often recommended for type 2 diabetes?
A balanced diet with controlled portions of carbohydrates, fiber, protein, and healthy fats.
What is a major risk factor for type 2 diabetes?
Obesity, as excess body fat increases insulin resistance.
How does sleep impact blood sugar levels?
Poor sleep can raise blood sugar by increasing insulin resistance and stress hormones.
What are ketones, and why are they monitored in diabetes?
Ketones are produced when fat is used for energy instead of glucose; high levels can indicate ketoacidosis.
What is lipohypertrophy, and how does it relate to insulin use?
It’s a thickening of skin from repeated injections at the same site, affecting insulin absorption.
How does Metformin affect glucose production?
It decreases glucose production in the liver, helping lower blood glucose.
What is basal-bolus insulin therapy?
A regimen combining long-acting (basal) and short-acting (bolus) insulin to manage blood glucose.
Why should people with diabetes limit saturated fats?
They can increase cholesterol, raising the risk of heart disease, which is already higher in diabetes.
What is a low glycemic index (GI) food, and why is it beneficial in diabetes?
Low GI foods cause slower blood sugar rises, helping manage glucose levels.
How does resistance training help manage diabetes?
It builds muscle, which increases insulin sensitivity and helps control blood sugar.
What is the goal of diabetes management in pregnancy?
To maintain blood glucose levels to avoid complications for both mother and baby.
How often should people with diabetes test their blood glucose?
Frequency varies; some may test multiple times daily, while others check less often based on their treatment plan.
What is the Somogyi effect?
It’s a rebound high blood sugar following low blood sugar, often due to excess insulin at night.
Why are regular eye exams recommended for people with diabetes?
To detect early signs of diabetic retinopathy and prevent vision loss.
What are some common symptoms of hypoglycemia?
Symptoms include shakiness, sweating, confusion, and, in severe cases, unconsciousness.
What impact does smoking cessation have on diabetes management?
Quitting smoking improves blood vessel health, reducing the risk of complications.
How does stress influence blood sugar in diabetes?
Stress raises cortisol, which can increase blood sugar and worsen glucose control.
What is insulin resistance, and how does it affect diabetes?
It’s when cells don’t respond well to insulin, making it hard to lower blood sugar levels.
Why is it essential to have a consistent meal schedule in diabetes management?
Consistent meals help maintain stable blood glucose levels throughout the day.
How does alcohol affect blood glucose levels?
It can cause hypoglycemia, especially when consumed without food, as the liver prioritizes processing alcohol over glucose production.
What is the significance of triglyceride levels in diabetes?
High triglycerides often accompany diabetes and increase cardiovascular risk.
Why is the waist-to-hip ratio relevant in assessing diabetes risk?
A higher ratio indicates central obesity, which is linked to insulin resistance.
What is hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS)?
A severe complication of diabetes with very high blood glucose, often without ketosis, leading to dehydration and confusion.
How does fiber benefit blood glucose control?
Fiber slows digestion, helping prevent rapid spikes in blood sugar.
What is the primary goal of medical nutrition therapy in diabetes?
To manage blood glucose, cholesterol, and blood pressure through a balanced diet.
Why is hydration particularly important for diabetes patients?
Proper hydration helps flush out excess blood sugar through urine.
What is the ‘dawn phenomenon,’ and how does it affect blood sugar?
It’s an early morning rise in blood glucose due to hormone changes, often requiring medication adjustments.
How do GLP-1 receptor agonists assist in type 2 diabetes management?
They stimulate insulin release, reduce appetite, and slow stomach emptying to lower blood sugar.
Why is insulin important for managing type 1 diabetes?
Type 1 diabetes patients lack insulin production, so it must be provided externally.
What is diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)?
A serious complication where lack of insulin leads to high blood glucose and ketones, causing acidosis.
