نظري كتاب الدكتور Flashcards

Question

What is an intermediate host?

Answer 1

The host that harbors the larval/immature or asexually reproductive stage of a parasite ## Footnote Classified into 1st I.H., 2nd I.H., and 3rd I.H. based on priority.

Answer 2

A vertebrate host that harbors the same species of parasite at the same stage as a human host ## Footnote Important source of infection in epidemiology.

Answer 3

An animal that harbors the parasite in an arrested state of development, allowing the parasite to continue its life cycle in a suitable host ## Footnote Acts as a transporting agent for the parasite.

Answer 4

Usually an arthropod that transmits the parasite to its host ## Footnote Examples include mosquitoes and ticks.

Answer 5

A person or animal that harbors a parasite without apparent clinical symptoms and serves as a potential source of infection ## Footnote Carriers can play a significant role in disease transmission.

Answer 6

Animal diseases that can be transmitted to humans ## Footnote Infected animals are called reservoir hosts.

Answer 7

Larvae living in abnormal hosts where they cannot grow into adults but can wander throughout the host's body ## Footnote This can cause local and systemic pathological effects.

Answer 8

The process of a parasite's growth, development, and reproduction, which proceeds in one or more different hosts depending on the species of parasites. ## Footnote The life cycle can vary significantly among different types of parasites.

Answer 9

A parasitic stage that can invade the human body and grow, living within it. ## Footnote This stage is crucial for the continuation of the parasite's life cycle.

Answer 10

The specific entrance through which the parasite invades the human body. ## Footnote Different parasites have distinct routes of entry.

Answer 11

The mode by which the parasite invades and infects the human body, such as penetration of skin or ingestion of eggs. ## Footnote Examples include cercariae of Schistosoma and eggs of Ascaris.

Answer 12

The regular alternations of sexual and asexual reproductions in the life cycles of some parasites. ## Footnote An example is the life cycle of Plasmodium.

Answer 13

Endoparasite lives inside the host, while ectoparasite lives on the surface of the host. ## Footnote Both types can cause various effects on their hosts.

Answer 14

A parasite that associates with a host for a limited period. ## Footnote Temporary parasites do not complete their life cycle within the host.

Answer 15

A parasite that spends its entire life cycle within or on a host. ## Footnote Examples include certain types of worms.

Answer 16

Obligatory parasites require a host for their life cycle, while facultative parasites can live independently or with a host. ## Footnote This distinction affects their adaptability and survival strategies.

Answer 17

A parasite that infects a host that is not its usual host. ## Footnote This can lead to unexpected outcomes for both the parasite and the host.

Answer 18

A parasite that takes advantage of a host's weakened immune system. ## Footnote Opportunistic infections are common in immunocompromised individuals.

Answer 19

Final host is where the parasite reaches maturity and reproduces; intermediate host is where the parasite develops but does not reproduce. ## Footnote Many parasites have complex life cycles involving multiple hosts.

Answer 20

Organisms that do not depend on a host for survival or reproduction. ## Footnote Free-living organisms can be part of the ecosystem without being parasitic.

Answer 21

A close biological interaction between two different biological organisms. ## Footnote Symbiosis can be mutualistic, commensal, or parasitic.

Answer 22

A type of symbiosis where one organism benefits while the other is neither helped nor harmed. ## Footnote An example is barnacles on whales.

Answer 23

A type of symbiosis where both organisms benefit from the interaction. ## Footnote An example is bees pollinating flowers.

Answer 24

A type of symbiosis where one organism benefits at the expense of another. ## Footnote This relationship can lead to damage or disease in the host.

Answer 25

An organism that harbors a parasite. ## Footnote Hosts provide nutrients and a living environment for parasites.

Answer 26

An individual that harbors a parasite but does not exhibit symptoms of the disease. ## Footnote Carriers can spread the parasite to others.

Answer 27

An individual who is infected by a parasite and exhibits symptoms of the disease. ## Footnote Patients require medical intervention for treatment.

Answer 28

A host that harbors a parasite and facilitates its transmission to other hosts. ## Footnote Reservoir hosts can be crucial for maintaining the lifecycle of the parasite.

Answer 29

A disease that is transmitted from animals to humans. ## Footnote Zoonotic diseases can arise from various types of parasites.

Answer 30

A host that carries a parasite but does not support its development. ## Footnote Paratenic hosts can still play a role in the transmission cycle.

Answer 31

A condition caused by the migration of larval parasites through the host's tissues. ## Footnote This can lead to various symptoms depending on the affected tissues.

Answer 32

Physical damage caused by parasites, e.g., biliary ascariasis and larva migrans. ## Footnote These effects can lead to significant health issues.

Answer 33

By extracting nutrients, such as blood from hosts, e.g., hookworms. ## Footnote This can lead to malnutrition and anemia.

Answer 34

The introduction of venom or harmful substances into the host's body, e.g., from mosquitoes, spiders, and ticks. ## Footnote This can result in various symptoms, including allergic reactions.

Answer 35

Tissue damage resulting from the immune response to parasites, e.g., liver cirrhosis from bilharziasis. ## Footnote These lesions can cause chronic health issues.

Answer 36

Usually at a lower level ## Footnote Human immunity against parasites is generally less intense and specific than that against bacteria and viruses.

Answer 37

Premunition: Concomitant immunity ## Footnote This refers to the protection from super-infection as long as the parasites remain in the body.

Answer 38

Limits the severity of infection with parasites like Plasmodium, Schistosome, and hookworms ## Footnote This phenomenon can help control the impact of chronic infections in populations.

Answer 39

* Chronic diseases * No effective vaccine * No practical chemotherapy * Affect young * Affect underprivileged * Vector-borne ## Footnote These characteristics highlight the challenges in managing parasitic infections.

Answer 40

* Presence of a suitable host * Habits of the host * Escape from the host * Favorable conditions outside of host * Economic and social conditions ## Footnote These factors determine where parasites thrive and spread.

Answer 41

* Source: infected persons * Mode of transmission * Susceptible host * Carriers * Animals ## Footnote Understanding these factors helps in controlling disease spread.

Answer 42

* Source of infection * Route of transmission * Susceptible people ## Footnote Each link is crucial for understanding how diseases spread among populations.

Answer 43

[infected persons] ## Footnote Infected individuals are primary sources for transmission of parasites.

Answer 44

True ## Footnote Vectors play a significant role in the transmission of various parasitic diseases.

Answer 45

* Excrement * Secretion * Blood ## Footnote Understanding these routes can aid in preventing infections.

Answer 46

* Mouth * Skin or wound * Mucosa * Placenta * Food, water, finger ## Footnote These entry points highlight the various ways parasites can infect a host.

Answer 47

[parasites] ## Footnote Both direct and indirect contacts are significant in spreading parasitic infections.

Answer 48

A living organism that acquires some of its basic nutritional requirements through its intimate contact with another living organism. ## Footnote Parasites can be unicellular (protozoa) or multicellular (metazoa).

Answer 49

* Ectoparasite * Endoparasite ## Footnote Ectoparasites live on the external surface of a host, while endoparasites live within a host.

Answer 50

A parasite that lives within another living organism, e.g., malaria, Giardia. ## Footnote Endoparasites depend on their host for survival and reproduction.

Answer 51

A parasite that lives on the external surface of another living organism, e.g., lice, ticks. ## Footnote Ectoparasites can cause irritation and may transmit diseases.

Answer 52

A cell with a well-defined chromosome in a membrane-bound nucleus. ## Footnote All parasitic organisms are eukaryotes.

Answer 53

Unicellular organisms, e.g., Plasmodium (malaria). ## Footnote Protozoa are one of the simplest forms of life and can cause various diseases.

Answer 54

Multicellular organisms, e.g., helminths (worms) and arthropods (ticks, lice). ## Footnote Metazoa include more complex organisms that can also act as parasites.

Answer 55

* Clinical diagnosis * Laboratory diagnosis * Radiological diagnosis ## Footnote These methods help identify the presence of parasites in the body.

Answer 56

* Chemotherapy * Adequate nutrition ## Footnote Treatment often requires medication to eliminate the parasites and support the host's health.

Answer 57

* Health Education * Environmental sanitation / Reduction in sources * Vector control ## Footnote Effective control measures can significantly reduce the incidence of parasitic infections.

Answer 58

False ## Footnote Parasitic organisms are eukaryotes, not prokaryotes.

Answer 59

endoparasite ## Footnote Endoparasites can include organisms like Giardia and malaria.

Answer 60

ectoparasite ## Footnote Ectoparasites can cause discomfort and transmit diseases to their hosts.

Answer 61

The organism in, or on, which the parasite lives and causes harm ## Footnote This term is crucial for understanding the relationship between parasites and their hosts.

Answer 62

The organism in which the adult or sexually mature stage of the parasite lives ## Footnote This host is essential for the reproduction of the parasite.

Answer 63

The organism in which the parasite lives during a period of its development only ## Footnote This host is not where the parasite reaches maturity.

Answer 64

A parasitic disease in which an animal is normally the host but which also infects man ## Footnote This highlights the potential for cross-species transmission of parasites.

Answer 65

A living carrier (e.g., an arthropod) that transports a pathogenic organism from an infected to a non-infected host ## Footnote An example is the female Anopheles mosquito that transmits malaria.

Answer 66

Obligatory, Facultative, Incidental, Aberrant, Endoparasite, Ectoparasite ## Footnote Each type has distinct characteristics regarding its relationship with the host.

Answer 67

Requires a host to complete its life cycle ## Footnote These parasites cannot survive without a host.

Answer 68

Capable of free-living or parasitism ## Footnote These parasites can survive independently or in a host.

Answer 69

Can utilize a different host ## Footnote This type of parasite may infect hosts that are not its usual target.

Answer 70

Found in an unusual host or location ## Footnote These parasites may cause unexpected infections.

Answer 71

Lives inside a host ## Footnote These parasites often have more complex life cycles due to their internal environment.

Answer 72

Lives on or outside of a host ## Footnote Examples include fleas and ticks.

Answer 73

Both benefit ## Footnote This is a type of symbiotic relationship.

Answer 74

One benefits while the other is unharmed ## Footnote This relationship does not harm the host.

Answer 75

One benefits at the expense of the other ## Footnote This is the defining characteristic of parasitic relationships.

Answer 76

Helminthology, Protozoology, Entomology ## Footnote These sciences focus on different groups of parasites and their characteristics.

Answer 77

Class Trematoda, Class Cestoidea ## Footnote These classes include flukes and tapeworms, respectively.

Answer 78

Phylum Platyhelminthes, Phylum Nemathelminthes ## Footnote Platyhelminthes refers to flatworms, while Nemathelminthes refers to roundworms.

Answer 79

Subclass Cestoda ## Footnote Tapeworms are categorized under the class of Cestoidea.

Answer 80

drug of choice ## Footnote This term refers to the preferred medication used for treating a specific parasitic infection.

Answer 81

They are very important aspects of medical parasitology ## Footnote Understanding these elements is crucial for effective diagnosis and treatment.

Answer 82

Class Nematoda ## Footnote Roundworms are part of the Nemathelminthes phylum.

Answer 83

Knowing whether the parasite is present in Yemen or not ## Footnote Understanding the geographical distribution helps in recognizing potential infections.

Answer 84

Class Nematoda ## Footnote This phylum primarily consists of roundworms.

Answer 85

False ## Footnote Helminthology focuses on helminths, not arthropods, which are studied under Entomology.

Answer 86

The practical part ## Footnote Practical study aids in understanding the physical characteristics of helminths.

Answer 87

Read, describe, discuss, and practice ## Footnote Active engagement with the material enhances understanding and retention.

Answer 88

Platyhelminthes

Answer 89

* Strigeidida * Opisthorchida * Plagiorchiida

Answer 90

Schistosomatidae

Answer 91

Schistosoma haematobium

Answer 92

* Flattened dorso-ventrally * Bilaterally symmetrical * Unsegmented * Provided with suckers * Having a protective cuticle * Muscle fibers present for movement * Nervous and excretory systems present * Digestive system includes an oral sucker

Answer 93

Hermaphrodite

Answer 94

* Liver flukes * Intestinal flukes * Lung flukes * Blood flukes

Answer 95

Fasciola hepatica

Answer 96

Opisthorchiidae

Answer 97

Cross-fertilization

Answer 98

oral sucker

Answer 99

* Fasciolopsis buski * Heterophyes heterophyes * Metagonimus yokogawai * Echinostoma ilocanum

Answer 100

Help in the movement of the parasite

Answer 101

Troglotrematidae

Answer 102

Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica ## Footnote Fasciola hepatica is prevalent in sheep-raising countries, while Fasciola gigantica is found in cattle-raising countries.

Answer 103

Plant-borne trematode zoonosis ## Footnote It is a parasitic disease that can also infect humans accidentally.

Answer 104

Fascioliasis, Fasciolosis, Distomatosis ## Footnote These terms are used interchangeably to describe the same condition.

Answer 105

Trematodes ## Footnote Fasciola spp. belong to the class of flatworms known as trematodes.

Answer 106

Common in sheep and cattle raising regions ## Footnote The distribution correlates with livestock farming practices.

Answer 107

Intermediate: snails; Definitive: herbivores (sheep, cattle); Reservoir: humans ## Footnote Humans can accidentally become infected.

Answer 108

Freshwater environments ## Footnote These environments are conducive to the life cycle of the parasites.

Answer 109

Ingestion of contaminated water or vegetation ## Footnote The larvae enter the host through the digestive system.

Answer 110

Immunopathology, pathology, and clinical features ## Footnote Understanding these aspects is crucial for diagnosis and treatment.

Answer 111

Through clinical features and laboratory tests ## Footnote Diagnosis often involves detecting eggs in stool samples.

Answer 112

Improved sanitation, controlling snail populations, educating livestock owners ## Footnote These strategies reduce the risk of transmission.

Answer 113

Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica

Answer 114

False ## Footnote Humans are accidental hosts; the primary hosts are herbivores.

Answer 115

Platyhelminthes ## Footnote Fasciola is classified under the phylum Platyhelminthes, which includes flatworms.

Answer 116

Termatoda ## Footnote Termatoda is a class of parasitic flatworms.

Answer 117

* Fasciola hepatica * Fasciola gigantica ## Footnote These species are significant in sheep and cattle raising countries.

Answer 118

About 60 x 15 mm (6 x 1.5 cm) ## Footnote The adult form of Fasciola is characterized by its leaf-like shape.

Answer 119

* Leaf-like shape * Oral sucker * Larger ventral sucker * Male reproductive system with two branched testes * Branched ovary ## Footnote These features are important for its parasitic lifestyle.

Answer 120

About 150 × 80 µm ## Footnote The egg is operculated and oval in shape.

Answer 121

Yellow ## Footnote The color of the egg can help in identifying the species.

Answer 122

Immature embryo ## Footnote This indicates the developmental stage of the Fasciola before it hatches.

Answer 123

True ## Footnote Fasciola is found in Europe, the Middle East, Africa (including Egypt), and Asia.

Answer 124

sheep raising countries ## Footnote This species is specifically adapted to infect sheep.

Answer 125

cattle raising countries ## Footnote This species primarily affects cattle.

Answer 126

Human and herbivorous animals ## Footnote Definitive hosts are the organisms in which the parasite reaches maturity and reproduces.

Answer 127

Metacercaria ## Footnote Metacercariae are encysted stages of the parasite that can infect the definitive host.

Answer 128

Lymnaea cailliaudi and L. truncatula ## Footnote These snails serve as the habitat for the larval stages of the parasite.

Answer 129

Egg ## Footnote The life cycle begins when the eggs are excreted in the feces of the definitive host.

Answer 130

Two weeks ## Footnote This maturation leads to the hatching of the miracidium.

Answer 131

Miracidium, sporocyst, redia, cercaria ## Footnote This sequence occurs inside the intermediate host, the snail.

Answer 132

They encyst on water plants and grass ## Footnote This encystment forms metacercariae, which are the infective stage.

Answer 133

About 6 months ## Footnote This survival period allows them to remain viable until they are ingested by the definitive host.

Answer 134

Embryonated eggs in stool ## Footnote Detection of these eggs helps in diagnosing Fasciola infections.

Answer 135

True ## Footnote Adult Fasciola reside in the biliary system of their hosts.

Answer 136

Egg ## Footnote The egg stage is the starting point of the Fasciola life cycle.

Answer 137

The cyst dissolves and metacercariae penetrate the liver ## Footnote This process allows the parasite to reach the bile ducts where it matures.

Answer 138

6-8 weeks ## Footnote This duration is necessary for the parasite to migrate through the peritoneal cavity.

Answer 139

Migration of immature flukes through hepatic tissue and peritoneum causes mechanical destruction and allergic reactions leading to necrosis ## Footnote This phase lasts from a few days to 3 months and is associated with inflammatory reactions largely mediated by eosinophils.

Answer 140

Flukes mature and feed on blood in biliary ducts, causing hyperplasia, hypertrophy, and biliary obstruction ## Footnote This phase can last from months to years and involves inflammatory responses and activity of proline enzyme excreted by the flukes.

Answer 141

Periductal fibrosis ## Footnote This leads to necrosis and inflammation, resulting in tissue atrophy and abscess formation.

Answer 142

Time from ingestion of metacercariae to appearance of first symptoms ## Footnote This phase lasts from a few days to 3 months, depending on the number of ingested metacercariae and the immune status of the host.

Answer 143

Fever, abdominal pain, GIT disturbances ## Footnote GIT disturbances may include loss of appetite, flatulence, nausea, diarrhea, and urticaria.

Answer 144

False ## Footnote No reports concerning resistance to fasciolosis in humans are available.

Answer 145

inflammatory ## Footnote This healing process appears to occur frequently.

Answer 146

They may lose their way and form ectopic lesions ## Footnote This can lead to complications in the host.

Answer 147

Inflammation and further necrosis ## Footnote This can contribute to the overall pathology of Fasciola infection.

Answer 148

* Respiratory symptoms (very uncommon): cough, dyspnea, chest pain * Hemoptysis * Hepatomegaly * Splenomegaly * Ascites * Anaemia * Jaundice can last for months * Biliary obstruction * Biliary colic * Epigastric pain * Cholangitis & cholecystitis * Right upper-quadrant abdominal tenderness * Fibrous adhesions to adjacent organs * Lithiasis of the bile ducts or gallbladder is frequent

Answer 149

Herbivorous animals

Answer 150

Snail Lymnaea

Answer 151

Encysted metacercaria

Answer 152

Eggs in stool

Answer 153

Ingestion of encysted metacercaria in water or plants

Answer 154

Fascioliasis or liver rot

Answer 155

140 x 70 um

Answer 156

* Oval * Operculated * Thin shelled * Yellowish brown

Answer 157

Bile ducts of the liver

Answer 158

* Fasciola hepatica * Fasciola gigantica

Answer 159

Sheep raising areas in Europe, Middle East (particularly Egypt), Central & South Africa

Answer 160

Cattle raising areas in South-East Asia & Africa including Egypt

Answer 161

chronic/obstructive

Answer 162

* Biliary obstruction * Biliary colic * Cholangitis * Cholecystitis * Fibrous adhesions

Answer 163

Lymnaea cailliaudi (snail) ## Footnote This snail species is essential for the life cycle of Fasciola gigantica.

Answer 164

Lymnaea truncatula (snail) ## Footnote This snail species is essential for the life cycle of Fasciola hepatica.

Answer 165

Encysted Metacercaria ## Footnote This stage is crucial for the transmission of Fasciola to the definitive host.

Answer 166

Eating contaminated vegetables or drinking contaminated water ## Footnote This mode of infection highlights the importance of proper food and water hygiene.

Answer 167

Destruction, necrosis & hemorrhage of the parenchyma ## Footnote This indicates the damaging effects of Fasciola infection on liver tissue.

Answer 168

Mechanical obstruction, inflammatory responses & the activity of proline excreted by the flukes ## Footnote This results in fibrous thickening of the bile ducts.

Answer 169

Minute abscesses ## Footnote This is a pathological manifestation of the infection.

Answer 170

Spontaneous repair ## Footnote This indicates the body's ability to heal despite the infection.

Answer 171

They may lose their way and form ectopic lesions ## Footnote This complicates the clinical picture of Fasciola infection.

Answer 172

* Diarrhea & digestive disturbance * Enlarged tender liver * Cholangitis, cholecystitis and obstructive jaundice ## Footnote These symptoms are indicative of liver and biliary system involvement.

Answer 173

Marked peripheral eosinophilia up to 80% ## Footnote Eosinophilia is often associated with parasitic infections.

Answer 174

[bile ducts] ## Footnote This is where adult Fasciola reside in the definitive host.

Answer 175

Clinical signs & symptoms and diet history ## Footnote Laboratory tests are also critical for confirming the diagnosis.

Answer 176

Detection of eggs in faeces or duodenal aspirate ## Footnote This method has limitations, as eggs may only be detectable 3-4 months after infection.

Answer 177

* Eggs may be undetectable in chronic phase * Spurious infection can occur * Eggs disappear after a liver-free diet ## Footnote Spurious infection occurs when eggs are found due to ingestion of infected animal liver.

Answer 178

Triclabendazole ## Footnote Bithionol is an alternative treatment.

Answer 179

* Mass treatment of infected animal reservoir * Pure water supply ## Footnote Additional measures include snail control and proper washing or cooking of aquatic vegetables.

Answer 180

* Soak in vinegar for 5 minutes * Use potassium permanganate for 10-15 minutes ## Footnote These methods help ensure food safety.

Answer 181

* ELISA * Immuno-fluorescence * Counter immunoelectrophoresis ## Footnote These tests are highly sensitive and can detect early and chronic infections.

Answer 182

* Ultrasonography * Endoscopic retrograde * Percutaneous cholangiography ## Footnote These imaging techniques help visualize the infection's impact on the body.

Answer 183

Parasitic pharyngitis caused by ingestion of infected sheep or goat livers ## Footnote This condition leads to oedematous congestion of the pharynx and related areas.

Answer 184

Ingestion of fresh raw sheep or goat livers infected with Fasciola or tongue worms (Linguatula serrata) ## Footnote The resulting infection can cause suffocation symptoms.

Answer 185

nymph ## Footnote This highlights the importance of proper cooking in preventing infection.

Answer 186

Chinese liver fluke ## Footnote This organism is associated with the disease Clonorchiasis.

Answer 187

Large areas of China, Japan, Korea, Vietnam, and the USA (in Asian immigrants) ## Footnote Clonorchiasis is often contracted through the ingestion of improperly cooked or pickled freshwater fish.

Answer 188

Human ## Footnote Humans are the primary host for this liver fluke.

Answer 189

Bile ducts (biliary tract) ## Footnote The fluke typically localizes in the more distal portions of the biliary tract.

Answer 190

Fish-eating animals like dogs and cats ## Footnote These animals can harbor the parasite and contribute to its lifecycle.

Answer 191

Mature egg stage ## Footnote The mature egg is used for diagnosing Clonorchiasis.

Answer 192

30 x 15 µm ## Footnote This size is characteristic of the eggs produced by the adult fluke.

Answer 193

Oval, operculated, thick-shelled with a small knob at the abopercular end ## Footnote The operculum rests on 'shoulders' and the egg is yellowish brown.

Answer 194

Up to 30 years ## Footnote This long lifespan can contribute to chronic infections in hosts.

Answer 195

Parafossarulus manchouricus ## Footnote This snail species plays a critical role in the life cycle of the fluke.

Answer 196

True ## Footnote Bithynia sp. also serves as an intermediate host in the lifecycle of Clonorchis sinensis.

Answer 197

strong alcoholic drinks ## Footnote This is one of the suggested treatments for the condition.

Answer 198

Proper cooking of animal tissues ## Footnote Ensuring food safety is crucial in preventing infections caused by Clonorchis sinensis.

Answer 199

Tracheostomy ## Footnote This procedure may be necessary in severe cases of obstruction.

Answer 200

Similar to eggs of Heterophyes and Metagonimus, may have a small comma-shaped process (knobbin) at the abopercular end, operculum resting on 'shoulders' ## Footnote The eggs are the diagnostic stage of the parasite.

Answer 201

1-2.5 cm by 0.3-0.5 cm ## Footnote This size allows it to live in the bile ducts of its host.

Answer 202

Broadest in the mid-part, tapering towards both ends ## Footnote This shape is typical for many trematodes.

Answer 203

Up to 30 years ## Footnote This longevity contributes to chronic infections in hosts.

Answer 204

Mature eggs pass with faeces, ingested by snail (1st I.H.), develop into sporocyst, rediae, cercariae, penetrate cyprinoid fish (2nd I.H.), encyst as metacercaria ## Footnote The life cycle involves both intermediate hosts and a definitive host.

Answer 205

Encysted metacercaria ## Footnote This stage is crucial for transmission to the definitive host.

Answer 206

Eating undercooked or raw fish containing encysted metacercaria ## Footnote Proper cooking can prevent infection.

Answer 207

It escapes from the cyst and migrates to the common bile duct, where it matures within a month ## Footnote This process leads to the establishment of the parasite in the host.

Answer 208

Snail ## Footnote The snail is essential for the development of the larval stages of the parasite.

Answer 209

Cyprinoid fish ## Footnote These fish play a critical role in the transmission of the parasite to humans.

Answer 210

Free-swimming cercariae, metacercariae in fish, eggs ingested ## Footnote The life cycle includes several stages: eggs are ingested, leading to the development of various larval forms.

Answer 211

Infective stage (A), Diagnostic stage (d) ## Footnote The infective stage involves metacercariae, while the diagnostic stage involves eggs.

Answer 212

Asymptomatic ## Footnote Light infections typically do not present noticeable symptoms.

Answer 213

* Fever * Diarrhea * Epigastric pain * Anorexia * Liver enlargement and tenderness ## Footnote Heavier infections can lead to more pronounced clinical manifestations.

Answer 214

* Localized biliary obstruction * Intrahepatic stone formation * Cholangitis * Multiple liver abscesses * Cholecystitis * Cholelithiasis ## Footnote These complications are due to the worms' invasion and long-term infection.

Answer 215

* Thickening of bile ducts * Localized dilatation * Hyperplasia of small mucinous glands ## Footnote These changes may persist even after the infection has become very light.

Answer 216

Adenocarcinoma (cholangiocarcinoma) ## Footnote This type of cancer can arise from hyperplastic mucosa of the bile duct in infected individuals.

Answer 217

* Direct: Recovery of eggs from feces * Indirect: Complement fixation test (CFT) ## Footnote Direct methods involve identifying eggs in feces or duodenal aspirates.

Answer 218

False ## Footnote Eggs appear in the feces after approximately one month post-infection.

Answer 219

[helminth] ## Footnote Helminths are parasitic worms, which include flatworms like Clonorchis sinensis.

Answer 220

Praziquantel ## Footnote Praziquantel is an anthelmintic medication used to treat infections caused by various types of parasitic worms.

Answer 221

* Proper cooking of fish * Periodic examination and treatment * Avoid defecating in water * Snail control ## Footnote These methods aim to reduce the risk of infection by controlling the life cycle of the parasite.

Answer 222

Intestinal fluke ## Footnote Heterophyes heterophyes is a type of intestinal fluke that can infect humans.

Answer 223

Middle and far east, China, Philippines, south Europe, and Egypt in brackish water ## Footnote This distribution indicates regions where the parasite is endemic.

Answer 224

Human ## Footnote Humans serve as the primary host for the life cycle of Heterophyes heterophyes.

Answer 225

Between the villi of the small intestine ## Footnote This location allows the parasite to absorb nutrients from the host.

Answer 226

* Fish-eating animals * Cats * Dogs * Birds ## Footnote These animals can harbor the parasite and contribute to its transmission.

Answer 227

30 × 15 um ## Footnote This measurement indicates the dimensions of the eggs produced by the parasite.

Answer 228

* Oval * Operculated * Thick shelled * Yellowish brown ## Footnote These characteristics help in identifying the eggs during diagnostic examinations.

Answer 229

Heterophyidae ## Footnote This classification groups Heterophyes heterophyes with other related intestinal flukes.

Answer 230

mature egg stage ## Footnote The mature egg stage is critical for diagnosis through laboratory tests.

Answer 231

* Fishermen * Boatmen * Hunters * Mining prospectors * Rangers * Other persons closely associated with marine life ## Footnote These individuals are likely to consume raw fish, increasing their risk of infection.

Answer 232

Snail 'Pirenella conica' ## Footnote This snail is critical in the life cycle of the intestinal fluke.

Answer 233

* Tilapia Nilotica (Bolty) * Mugil Cephalus (Boury) ## Footnote These fish species serve as hosts for the encysted metacercariae.

Answer 234

Encysted Metacercaria ## Footnote This stage is responsible for infecting humans when they consume contaminated fish.

Answer 235

By eating inadequately cooked or freshly salted fish ## Footnote Consumption of fish that has not been properly prepared increases the risk of infection.

Answer 236

* Adult flukes inhabit the small intestine * Eggs are excreted in feces * Eggs are ingested by 1st intermediate host (snail) * Miracidia emerge and develop into sporocysts and rediae * Cercariae are released into water * Cercariae encyst in 2nd intermediate host (fish) * Humans ingest the metacercariae * Metacercariae excyst in the duodenum * Adult worms embed in the small intestine ## Footnote This cycle illustrates the transmission and development of intestinal flukes from eggs to adult worms.

Answer 237

They excyst in the duodenum and attach to the wall of the small intestine ## Footnote This attachment occurs between the villi, allowing the flukes to mature into adult worms.

Answer 238

False ## Footnote Adult flukes inhabit the small intestine, not the large intestine.

Answer 239

[fish-eating mammals and birds] ## Footnote These animals can also become infected by consuming contaminated fish.

Answer 240

* Eggs * Miracidia * Sporocysts * Rediae * Cercariae * Metacercariae * Adult flukes ## Footnote Each stage plays a crucial role in the transmission and lifecycle of the parasite.

Answer 241

Mild irritation, colicky pains, mucus diarrhea, and superficial necrosis of the mucus coat ## Footnote Adult flukes provoke inflammation leading to various gastrointestinal symptoms.

Answer 242

Cardiac insufficiency due to granulomas around the eggs ## Footnote Granulomas form around the eggs, leading to complications in heart function.

Answer 243

Seizures, neurologic deficits, or cerebral hemorrhage ## Footnote The presence of eggs in the brain can lead to severe neurological outcomes.

Answer 244

Discomfort, colic pain, mucous diarrhea, and eosinophilia ## Footnote Severe infections lead to more pronounced symptoms and immune responses.

Answer 245

Clinical and diet history in endemic areas ## Footnote Understanding the patient's background is crucial for diagnosis.

Answer 246

Finding characteristic eggs in the feces ## Footnote Eggs are difficult to differentiate from those of Clonorchis and Opistorchis.

Answer 247

Praziquantel ## Footnote Praziquantel is effective against various fluke infections.

Answer 248

salting ## Footnote Cooking and salting fish are essential preventive measures.

Answer 249

Periodic examination and treatment, and avoid defecating in water ## Footnote Regular health checks and hygiene practices are critical for controlling fluke infections.

Answer 250

True ## Footnote Ectopic lesions can occur when eggs enter the bloodstream.

Answer 251

Severe fluke infection ## Footnote These symptoms are associated with significant irritation and immune response.

Answer 252

Snail "Semisulcospira" ## Footnote The first intermediate host is crucial for the life cycle of lung flukes.

Answer 253

Crabs, crayfish or shrimps ## Footnote These hosts play a significant role in the transmission of lung flukes to humans.

Answer 254

Encysted Metacercaria ## Footnote This stage is essential for the infection of definitive hosts.

Answer 255

Eating improperly cooked crabs, crayfish or shrimps ## Footnote Proper cooking is necessary to prevent infection.

Answer 256

Paragonimus westermani ## Footnote This species is responsible for paragonimiasis.

Answer 257

Paragonimiasis ## Footnote This disease primarily affects the lungs.

Answer 258

Asia (South-East), Africa (Nigeria & Cameroon) and South America ## Footnote These regions are endemic for lung fluke infections.

Answer 259

Human ## Footnote Humans are the primary hosts where the adult flukes reside.

Answer 260

Lungs, encapsulated in pockets or cystic structures adjacent to the bronchi ## Footnote This location leads to respiratory symptoms associated with paragonimiasis.

Answer 261

Cats, dogs, pigs & monkeys ## Footnote These animals can also harbor the flukes and contribute to transmission cycles.

Answer 262

Immature egg stage ## Footnote Identifying eggs in feces or sputum is key for diagnosis.

Answer 263

90 × 55 um ## Footnote The size of the eggs aids in their identification under a microscope.

Answer 264

Oval, operculated & thick shelled, brown ## Footnote These characteristics help differentiate them from other egg types.

Answer 265

1 x 0.5 cm in breadth ## Footnote This size is typical for adult lung flukes.

Answer 266

Ovoid, robust, resembling a coffee bean ## Footnote This shape is a distinctive feature of lung flukes.

Answer 267

Reddish brown ## Footnote Coloration can vary slightly but typically falls within this range.

Answer 268

Lobed ovary, anterior to 2 branching testes, possess oral and ventral sucker ## Footnote These features are important for reproduction and attachment.

Answer 269

Inside the human lungs ## Footnote Adult lung flukes live in the lungs of infected humans.

Answer 270

They are coughed up with sputum or swallowed and passed out in the faeces ## Footnote Eggs escape from the cyst into the alveoli and are expelled through coughing or defecation.

Answer 271

2-7 weeks ## Footnote Once in water, lung fluke eggs develop into mature forms within this time.

Answer 272

Snails (Semisulcospira) ## Footnote The miracidium seeks out snails as its first intermediate host.

Answer 273

* Sporocyst * 1st generation redia * 2nd generation redia * Cercaria ## Footnote These stages represent the transformation of lung flukes within the snail.

Answer 274

Mountain crab (Sundathelphusa philippina) ## Footnote The cercaria encysts as metacercaria in this crab.

Answer 275

By ingesting infected and improperly cooked crab ## Footnote Consumption of the infected crab leads to human infection.

Answer 276

They search for their second intermediate host ## Footnote This stage involves the cercaria looking for a host to encyst.

Answer 277

* No recognizable symptoms during migration * Inflammatory reaction as parasites grow * Fever, necrosis, and hemorrhage of lung parenchyma ## Footnote The symptoms vary depending on the number of parasites present.

Answer 278

* Cough develops when cysts rupture * Increased sputum production * Blood-tinged sputum with dark brown eggs and Charcot-Leyden crystals ## Footnote Symptoms can resemble pulmonary tuberculosis.

Answer 279

False ## Footnote The severity and progression of symptoms depend on the number of parasites.

Answer 280

eggs ## Footnote Eggs are produced by adult lung flukes and are essential for the life cycle.

Answer 281

Increasing fibrosis of the lungs ## Footnote Chronic infections lead to structural changes in lung tissue.

Answer 282

A cough develops ## Footnote This cough may be accompanied by increased sputum production.

Answer 283

Worms provoke granulomatous reactions that lead to fibrotic encapsulation of the worms ## Footnote Aberrant migration may cause larvae to lodge in ectopic sites leading to necrosis and hemorrhage.

Answer 284

* Chronic productive cough with brownish purulent sputum containing streaks of blood and parasitic eggs * Chest pain * Eosinophilia (20-25%) * Pleural effusion may occur ## Footnote These symptoms help in the clinical diagnosis of lung fluke infections.

Answer 285

Praziquantel or Bithionol (Dichlorophenol) ## Footnote Bithionol is sometimes less preferred due to side effects.

Answer 286

* Treatment of cases * Good cooking of crabs, crayfish & shrimps * Health education * Snail control ## Footnote Paratenic hosts, such as pigs and small animals, can transmit infection if consumed by humans.

Answer 287

Clinical signs and diet history in endemic areas ## Footnote Understanding the patient's exposure to endemic regions is crucial.

Answer 288

* Detection of eggs in faeces or sputum * Adult worms may be expectorated after treatment * Immunodiagnostic tests: CFT & ELISA detect early & chronic infections ## Footnote These tests help confirm the presence of lung flukes.

Answer 289

Plain x-ray of chest & CT show nodular or ring shadows and cavities ## Footnote Radiological findings can indicate complications from lung fluke infections.

Answer 290

Animalia ## Footnote Schistosoma belongs to the kingdom Animalia.

Answer 291

Platyhelminthes ## Footnote This phylum includes flatworms.

Answer 292

Trematoda ## Footnote Trematoda includes flukes, which are parasitic flatworms.

Answer 293

Digenea ## Footnote Digenea is a subclass of flukes with complex life cycles.

Answer 294

Strigeidida ## Footnote Strigeidida encompasses various trematodes.

Answer 295

Schistosomatidae ## Footnote This family includes blood flukes.

Answer 296

Relation to snail intermediate hosts and mode of infection ## Footnote This discovery was crucial for understanding the life cycle of Schistosoma.

Answer 297

Tartar emetic ## Footnote Tartar emetic was one of the early treatments for schistosomiasis.

Answer 298

Manson ## Footnote Manson's work was key in identifying species diversity in Schistosoma.

Answer 299

Discovered the worms and their relation to the disease in Cairo ## Footnote This discovery led to the naming of bilharziasis, a disease caused by Schistosoma.

Answer 300

Separate sexes ## Footnote Schistosoma is dioecious, meaning male and female worms are distinct.

Answer 301

Intestinal caeca reunite ## Footnote This feature distinguishes Schistosoma from other flatworms.

Answer 302

Posterior to the ventral sucker ## Footnote This is an anatomical feature specific to Schistosoma.

Answer 303

More than two ## Footnote This is part of their reproductive anatomy.

Answer 304

No redial stage ## Footnote This distinguishes Schistosoma from other trematodes with a redial stage.

Answer 305

Eggs with spine, non-operculated ## Footnote The spines on the eggs can aid in identification of the species.

Answer 306

Schisto 'split' soma 'body' ## Footnote Refers to the unique morphology of the organism.

Answer 307

* Has separate sexes * Lives in blood * Has non-operculated eggs * Has no Redia stage * Has no encysted metacercaria ## Footnote These characteristics distinguish Schistosoma from other trematodes.

Answer 308

Schistosomiasis ## Footnote Also referred to as Bilharziasis.

Answer 309

* S. haematobium * S. mansoni * S. japonicum * S. intercalatum * S. mekongi * S. malayensis ## Footnote S. malayensis is a newly described species that rarely infects humans.

Answer 310

Genitourinary ## Footnote This species is particularly associated with urinary tract infections.

Answer 311

Intestinal ## Footnote S. mansoni is known for causing intestinal schistosomiasis.

Answer 312

* China * Philippines * Southern Japan * Central Indonesia ## Footnote S. japonicum is still endemic in these areas.

Answer 313

False ## Footnote S. intercalatum has limited foci in West and Central Africa.

Answer 314

S. mekongi ## Footnote This species is found in Cambodia.

Answer 315

* Yemen * Africa * Near East * Middle East ## Footnote This species has a broad distribution in these regions.

Answer 316

* Yemen * Africa * Arabia * South America * Caribbean ## Footnote This species is notably found in both Africa and the Americas.

Answer 317

Mekong Basin of Cambodia ## Footnote This species has a very specific endemic region.

Answer 318

It is a newly described species that rarely infects humans. ## Footnote Its significance lies in its rarity and classification.

Answer 319

Schistosomes are separate sexes and do not hermaphrodite ## Footnote Male Schistosomes are flat, while females are cylindrical.

Answer 320

Eggs have spines and are not operculated ## Footnote This differentiates them from other trematodes, such as Fasciola and Heterophyes.

Answer 321

Furcocercous Cercaria not encysted metacercaria ## Footnote This stage penetrates the skin of the host.

Answer 322

Skin penetration, not by ingestion

Answer 323

Blood flukes

Answer 324

Vesical and pelvic plexus of veins

Answer 325

Jary bilharziasis or Schistosomiasis

Answer 326

Inferior mesenteric plexus of veins

Answer 327

Intestinal bilharziasis

Answer 328

Superior and inferior mesenteric plexus of veins

Answer 329

Rodents and monkeys

Answer 330

Domestic animals

Answer 331

blood vessels of man

Answer 332

Cylindrical

Answer 333

Flattened, folded (gynaecophoric canal)

Answer 334

Oral & ventral (smaller in females)

Answer 335

No muscular pharynx; intestinal caeca reunite in a single caecum

Answer 336

14x0.15 mm, oval

Answer 337

Anterior 1/3

Answer 338

26x0.3 mm, ovoid

Answer 339

In the middle

Answer 340

140x60 μm, oval with terminal spine

Answer 341

150x60 μm, oval with lateral spine, translucent, non-operculated

Answer 342

85x65 μm, ovoid with minute knob

Answer 343

10x1 mm, 3-5 testes in a line, fine tubercles

Answer 344

8x1 mm, 6-9 testes in cluster, coarse tubercles

Answer 345

15x0.5 mm, 6-8 testes in a line, no tubercles

Answer 346

Cercaria ## Footnote Cercaria is characterized by a body and a forked tail with penetration glands.

Answer 347

Body and forked tail ## Footnote The forked tail includes the tail stem and fork, along with pairs of penetrating glands.

Answer 348

* Proteolytic enzymes * Surface tension of drying water * Movement of the tail ## Footnote These factors facilitate the cercaria's ability to penetrate human skin.

Answer 349

Agricultural, domestic, and recreational activities ## Footnote These activities expose individuals to infested water.

Answer 350

Soluble egg antigen (SEA) ## Footnote The SEA is secreted through microtubules on the shell of the eggs.

Answer 351

Skin penetration by cercaria from contaminated water ## Footnote This occurs primarily through canals.

Answer 352

Aid in skin penetration ## Footnote These enzymes are secreted by the penetration glands of cercaria.

Answer 353

True ## Footnote S. haematobium uses Bulinus truncatus as its intermediate host.

Answer 354

forked tail ## Footnote The forked tail includes the tail stem and fork.

Answer 355

Biomphalaria alexandrina ## Footnote This snail species is crucial for the lifecycle of S. mansoni.

Answer 356

Oncomelania ## Footnote This species plays a significant role in the transmission of S. japonicum.

Answer 357

Cercaria ## Footnote Cercariae are released by snails into water and are free-swimming.

Answer 358

Penetration of the skin ## Footnote This occurs when cercariae come into contact with human skin.

Answer 359

Egg ## Footnote Eggs are excreted in urine or feces, depending on the species.

Answer 360

Miracidia penetrate snails ## Footnote Miracidia hatch from eggs and infect freshwater snails.

Answer 361

* Biomphalaria (S. mansoni) * Oncomelania (S. japonicum) * Bulinus (S. haematobium) ## Footnote These snails are crucial for the development of the parasite.

Answer 362

They lose their tails and become schistosomula ## Footnote This transformation allows them to migrate through the skin.

Answer 363

Subcutaneous venules ## Footnote They then enter pulmonary circulation and subsequently the heart.

Answer 364

To the systemic circulation and then to the portal vein ## Footnote This route leads them to the liver for maturation.

Answer 365

Paired adult worms migrate to venous plexus ## Footnote Adult worms reside in the mesenteric or vesical veins.

Answer 366

miracidia ## Footnote This process occurs in water, allowing the lifecycle to continue.

Answer 367

True ## Footnote Cercariae penetrate the skin to initiate infection.

Answer 368

5-10 hours ## Footnote During this time, they undergo transformation.

Answer 369

Miracidium ## Footnote The miracidium hatches from an egg and infects the first intermediate host, usually a snail.

Answer 370

Snail ## Footnote The snail hosts the larval stages of Schistosoma and plays a crucial role in its life cycle.

Answer 371

They do not hatch unless diluted with fresh water ## Footnote This is specific to S. haematobium, which requires specific conditions for egg hatching.

Answer 372

They pass through the inferior mesenteric veins to the rectum and then to the external environment with feces ## Footnote S. mansoni is known for its specific migration pattern through the bloodstream.

Answer 373

In the blood vessels of the liver and the urogenital system ## Footnote Adult worms can reside in different locations depending on the species.

Answer 374

Cercaria ## Footnote Cercariae are released from the snail and actively penetrate the skin of humans.

Answer 375

True ## Footnote After penetration, schistosomulae enter the bloodstream and migrate to their habitats.

Answer 376

Carried in the gynaecophoric canal of the male ## Footnote In Schistosoma species, females are often found within the males' structure, aiding in reproduction.

Answer 377

Urinary bladder ## Footnote Eggs are laid in the perivascular tissue and eventually reach the lumen of the urinary bladder.

Answer 378

Schistosomula ## Footnote Schistosomulae are the juvenile forms that migrate through the body after entering the host.

Answer 379

Through urine or stool ## Footnote The exit method depends on the species of Schistosoma.

Answer 380

Cercaria ## Footnote Cercariae are released by snails into water and are free-swimming.

Answer 381

Penetration of the skin ## Footnote This occurs when cercariae come into contact with human skin.

Answer 382

Egg ## Footnote Eggs are excreted in urine or feces, depending on the species.

Answer 383

Miracidia penetrate snails ## Footnote Miracidia hatch from eggs and infect freshwater snails.

Answer 384

* Biomphalaria (S. mansoni) * Oncomelania (S. japonicum) * Bulinus (S. haematobium) ## Footnote These snails are crucial for the development of the parasite.

Answer 385

They lose their tails and become schistosomula ## Footnote This transformation allows them to migrate through the skin.

Answer 386

Subcutaneous venules ## Footnote They then enter pulmonary circulation and subsequently the heart.

Answer 387

To the systemic circulation and then to the portal vein ## Footnote This route leads them to the liver for maturation.

Answer 388

Paired adult worms migrate to venous plexus ## Footnote Adult worms reside in the mesenteric or vesical veins.

Answer 389

miracidia ## Footnote This process occurs in water, allowing the lifecycle to continue.

Answer 390

True ## Footnote Cercariae penetrate the skin to initiate infection.

Answer 391

5-10 hours ## Footnote During this time, they undergo transformation.

Answer 392

Miracidium ## Footnote The miracidium hatches from an egg and infects the first intermediate host, usually a snail.

Answer 393

Snail ## Footnote The snail hosts the larval stages of Schistosoma and plays a crucial role in its life cycle.

Answer 394

They do not hatch unless diluted with fresh water ## Footnote This is specific to S. haematobium, which requires specific conditions for egg hatching.

Answer 395

They pass through the inferior mesenteric veins to the rectum and then to the external environment with feces ## Footnote S. mansoni is known for its specific migration pattern through the bloodstream.

Answer 396

In the blood vessels of the liver and the urogenital system ## Footnote Adult worms can reside in different locations depending on the species.

Answer 397

Cercaria ## Footnote Cercariae are released from the snail and actively penetrate the skin of humans.

Answer 398

True ## Footnote After penetration, schistosomulae enter the bloodstream and migrate to their habitats.

Answer 399

Carried in the gynaecophoric canal of the male ## Footnote In Schistosoma species, females are often found within the males' structure, aiding in reproduction.

Answer 400

Urinary bladder ## Footnote Eggs are laid in the perivascular tissue and eventually reach the lumen of the urinary bladder.

Answer 401

Schistosomula ## Footnote Schistosomulae are the juvenile forms that migrate through the body after entering the host.

Answer 402

Through urine or stool ## Footnote The exit method depends on the species of Schistosoma.

Answer 403

Cercarial dermatitis occurs ## Footnote This stage is characterized by skin irritation due to cercariae penetration.

Answer 404

Lung: verminous pneumonitis, cough, sputum & haemoptysis; Liver & spleen: hepatosplenomegaly; Toxic & allergic manifestations: fever, headache, muscle pain, eosinophilia ## Footnote These symptoms arise from the migration of the schistosoma larvae through various organs.

Answer 405

Common in schistosomiasis haematobium; Granuloma formation around eggs and fibrosis; Obliteration of pulmonary arterioles leading to pulmonary hypertension ## Footnote This condition can result in right ventricular hypertrophy and right-sided heart failure.

Answer 406

Acute stage = open lesion; Terminal haematuria; Polyuria, urgency, and frequency of micturition ## Footnote These symptoms are due to injury of venules by egg spines during bladder contraction.

Answer 407

Kidney: hydronephrosis, pyonephrosis, renal failure; Ureter: stricture and hydroureter; Bladder: polyp, ulcer, sandy patches, calcification, cancer; Urethra: fistula and stricture; Genital organs: pseudoelephantiasis of penis, granuloma in prostate, seminal vesicle, ovary, uterus ## Footnote These complications result from long-term inflammation and damage caused by schistosoma eggs.

Answer 408

True ## Footnote This stage leads to various complications due to ongoing inflammation and damage.

Answer 409

hepatosplenomegaly ## Footnote This enlargement is a response to the parasitic infection.

Answer 410

Pulmonary hypertension caused by granuloma formation and obliteration of pulmonary arterioles ## Footnote This condition is a consequence of the migration of schistosoma eggs to the lungs.

Answer 411

Terminal haematuria ## Footnote This occurs due to injury to bladder venules by egg spines.

Answer 412

Haematuria, dysuria, urgency, and frequency ## Footnote These symptoms indicate irritation and inflammation of the urinary tract.

Answer 413

Haematuria manifested after muscular activity ## Footnote This can occur due to increased pressure on the bladder.

Answer 414

Blood in seminal fluid ## Footnote This indicates that the infection may have spread to the reproductive system.

Answer 415

Indirect haemagglutination test (IHAT) ## Footnote This test detects antibodies rather than eggs.

Answer 416

To detect bladder and ureteral changes ## Footnote Techniques like X-ray and ultrasonography are used.

Answer 417

Non-invasive, simple, portable, and no biological hazards ## Footnote It can help in grading hydronephrosis and identifying bladder wall lesions.

Answer 418

Examination of the last drop of urine for detection of eggs ## Footnote This is effective when eggs are easily detectable.

Answer 419

Biopsy from mucosa of urinary bladder ## Footnote This helps in identifying eggs and histopathological lesions.

Answer 420

Praziquantel ## Footnote The recommended dose is 40 mg/kg body weight, administered once orally.

Answer 421

Two 300 mg capsules taken one hour before breakfast for 3 successive days ## Footnote Merazide is derived from the Commiphora plant.

Answer 422

Surgical treatment ## Footnote This may be required when other treatments are ineffective.

Answer 423

active infection in endemic areas ## Footnote This is a crucial indicator for further diagnosis.

Answer 424

Cystoscopy for S. haematobium; Colonoscopy and Sigmoidoscopy for S. mansoni ## Footnote These procedures help detect lesions and allow for biopsy.

Answer 425

Stages of invasion and migration are similar to S. haematobium. ## Footnote This includes the stages of egg deposition and subsequent tissue changes.

Answer 426

Egg deposition in pelvic colon and rectum leading to erosion of mucosa and inflammation. ## Footnote This stage is characterized by open lesions due to egg deposition.

Answer 427

Tissue fibrosis leading to sandy patches, bilharzial nodules, polyps, strictures, fistulas, and rectal prolapse. ## Footnote These changes result from eggs trapped in the wall.

Answer 428

Dysentery, colic, fever, anorexia, and weight loss. ## Footnote Dysentery is characterized by the passage of stool with mucus and blood.

Answer 429

Abdominal pain, diarrhea, dysentery, intestinal polyposis, and hypertrophic osteoarthropathy. ## Footnote Severe bloody dysentery can lead to protein and weight loss.

Answer 430

Granuloma formation around eggs leading to hepatic periportal fibrosis and portal hypertension. ## Footnote This condition results in open portosystemic anastomosis and esophageal varices.

Answer 431

Eggs pass to blood to the lungs, leading to bilharzial corpulmonale. ## Footnote This complication arises from the migration of eggs into pulmonary circulation.

Answer 432

Early firm enlargement of the liver with or without splenomegaly, portal hypertension, ascites, hematemesis, and bleeding esophageal varices. ## Footnote The liver may become distended up to 1-2 cm in diameter due to these complications.

Answer 433

True. ## Footnote Melena refers to black, tarry stools indicative of gastrointestinal bleeding.

Answer 434

Stool examination by direct smear method or by concentration method ## Footnote Includes Kato thick faecal smear for egg counting, rectal mucosa biopsy, and rectal swab.

Answer 435

Egg counting to assess the intensity of infection ## Footnote This method helps determine the severity of the infection.

Answer 436

Similar to S. haematobium ## Footnote Specific indirect methods were not detailed in the provided content.

Answer 437

Anaemia due to: * Blood loss resulting in iron deficiency anaemia * Hypersplenism leading to pancytopenia * Liver cell failure causing prolonged prothrombin time with bleeding ## Footnote These conditions reflect the systemic impact of the infection.

Answer 438

* Wearing of boots and gloves * Use of repellants * Mass treatment ## Footnote Personal measures are crucial for reducing infection risk.

Answer 439

* Clean water supply * Sanitary latrines * Proper sewage disposal * Construction of canals away from villages ## Footnote Sanitation plays a key role in controlling the spread of the disease.

Answer 440

Oxamniquine (vancil) for S.m. ## Footnote Administered at 10-15 mg/kg orally, in two doses per day with 8-hour intervals.

Answer 441

It is a preventable disease but non-curative once complications occur ## Footnote Health education is essential for prevention.

Answer 442

* Avoid urination or defecation in water canal * Avoid washing or swimming in water canal * Rapid drying of wet skin to prevent cercarial penetration ## Footnote These practices help minimize exposure to the infectious agents.

Answer 443

* Dryness of canals * Clearance of weeds to prevent feeding of snails * Wine screens at inlets of canals to collect snails ## Footnote Reducing snail populations is crucial in breaking the lifecycle of the parasite.

Answer 444

* Toxic plants to snails (e.g., Balanites aegyptiaca) * Natural enemies to snails (e.g., ducks, birds, Marisa spp.) ## Footnote Utilizing natural predators and toxic plants can help manage snail populations.

Answer 445

* Cheap * Easy to apply * Effective in low concentration with residual effect * Non-toxic to man, animals, fishes, and plants ## Footnote These criteria are essential for safe and effective use.

Answer 446

A molluscicide that kills snails, their eggs, miracidia, and cercariae at 2 p.p.m. ## Footnote Effective in controlling the snail population that harbors the schistosome larvae.

Answer 447

Increased blood pressure in the portal venous system ## Footnote Often associated with liver disease and can lead to complications such as varices.

Answer 448

* Moderate anemia * Neutropenia * Thrombocytopenia ## Footnote Hypersplenism is a condition where the spleen is overactive, leading to the destruction of blood cells.

Answer 449

Toxic and allergic manifestations such as: * Urticaria * Fever * Headache * Muscle pain ## Footnote These symptoms arise from the body's reaction to the parasites and their eggs.

Answer 450

A lung condition caused by parasitic infections, leading to symptoms like cough and hemoptysis ## Footnote It includes inflammation of the lungs due to the presence of the parasites.

Answer 451

Stage of invasion (1-4 days) ## Footnote This initial stage involves the penetration of cercariae into the host.

Answer 452

Stage of egg deposition and extrusion (1-2 months) ## Footnote This stage involves the deposition of eggs in the venous plexus, causing various symptoms.

Answer 453

* Generalized malaise * Fever * Rigors * Urticaria * Abdominal pain * Liver tenderness ## Footnote These symptoms result from the body's immune response to the eggs and other metabolic products.

Answer 454

The penetration of cercariae ## Footnote This leads to local dermatitis and irritation.

Answer 455

1-2 months

Answer 456

True ## Footnote This is a common manifestation due to the immune response to the parasite.

Answer 457

Katayama Syndrome ## Footnote Also called acute toxoemic schistosomiasis, characterized by fever, chills, diarrhea, and generalized lymphadenopathy.

Answer 458

* Fever * Chills * Diarrhea * Generalized lymphadenopathy ## Footnote These symptoms result from the immune response to schistosome antigens in the bloodstream.

Answer 459

Tissue reaction around deposited Schistosoma eggs ## Footnote Involves granuloma formation and delayed-type hypersensitivity.

Answer 460

Delayed-type hypersensitivity ## Footnote This immune response is associated with tissue damage and granuloma formation around eggs.

Answer 461

* Pressure within the venule * Effect of the spine * Oozing lytic secretion of the miracidium ## Footnote These factors contribute to the eggs escaping into perivascular tissue.

Answer 462

* Terminal hematuria * Frequency of micturition * Burning pain ## Footnote These symptoms are due to egg extrusion and tissue damage in the bladder wall.

Answer 463

Dysentery with blood and mucus in stool ## Footnote This occurs due to egg extrusion and subsequent tissue damage in the intestinal wall.

Answer 464

* Granuloma development * Attraction of inflammatory cells * Deposition of fibrous tissue * Damage and fibrosis of the organ ## Footnote These changes can lead to loss of organ function over time.

Answer 465

* Hydronephrosis * Hydroureter * Stone formation * Cancer of the bladder ## Footnote Long-term complications can arise from chronic inflammation and tissue damage.

Answer 466

Granuloma formation ## Footnote This occurs in various tissues where the eggs are deposited.

Answer 467

Tissue damage ## Footnote This damage is due to the immune complexes circulating in the bloodstream.

Answer 468

Eggs fail to fix to venule wall and are swept by blood. Eggs trapped in bladder wall are extruded in urine, causing embolic lesions.

Answer 469

Causes embolic lesions in the liver.

Answer 470

Eggs fail to fix to venule wall and are swept by blood. Eggs trapped in intestinal wall are extruded in stool, causing embolic lesions.

Answer 471

Causes portal hypertension and embolic lesions in the lung.

Answer 472

Right-sided heart failure due to enlargement of the right ventricle from high blood pressure in the arteries of the lung.

Answer 473

Hepatosplenomegaly, portal hypertension, oesophageal varices, ascites.

Answer 474

History of contact with infected water.

Answer 475

Detection of eggs in urine or stool, blood examination, serological tests.

Answer 476

Endoscopy.

Answer 477

embolic lesions.

Answer 478

Enlarged right ventricle.

Answer 479

Bilharzial cor-pulmonale.

Answer 480

Detection of eggs in urine and stool ## Footnote Specifically, for S. mansoni and S. haematobium

Answer 481

Egg counting to assess the intensity of infection ## Footnote It is a direct method for detecting parasitic eggs.

Answer 482

* Iron deficiency anaemia * Haemolytic anaemia * Eosinophilia * Leucocytosis ## Footnote Anaemia can result from egg extrusion and hypersplenism.

Answer 483

* IHAT (Indirect Haemagglutination test) * ELISA (Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) * IFAT (Indirect Fluorescent Antibody test) ## Footnote These tests detect anti-Schistosoma antibodies or antigens in patient serum.

Answer 484

Detection of anti-Schistosoma antibodies using sensitized sheep RBCs ## Footnote This test is a serological method for diagnosis.

Answer 485

* Calcified bladder * Hydroureter * Stenosed ureters * Hydronephrosis ## Footnote These findings help in the diagnosis of the disease.

Answer 486

It indicates exposure to schistosomiasis ## Footnote This is part of the immunodiagnostic tests.

Answer 487

Terminal spine, oval, thin shell, translucent ## Footnote These characteristics are important for identification.

Answer 488

* S. mansoni eggs in stool * S. haematobium eggs in urine ## Footnote These methods are crucial for confirming schistosomiasis infection.

Answer 489

Haemolytic anaemia ## Footnote This condition is a result of increased destruction of red blood cells.

Answer 490

Insidious onset ## Footnote Chronic manifestations of schistosomiasis generally develop slowly over time.

Answer 491

* S. mansoni * S. mekongi * S. intercalatum * S. japonicum ## Footnote These species are known to impact the intestinal and liver systems.

Answer 492

S. hematobium ## Footnote S. hematobium primarily affects the urinary tract rather than the intestinal or liver systems.

Answer 493

Praziquantel (Biltricide) ## Footnote Praziquantel is recommended by the WHO for treating schistosomiasis.

Answer 494

40 mg/kg single oral dose ## Footnote This dosage is effective for all schistosome species.

Answer 495

* Slight abdominal discomfort * Nausea * Headache * Slight drowsiness ## Footnote These side effects are generally mild and transient.

Answer 496

30 mg/kg for 2 days ## Footnote Oxamniquine is specifically used for treating S. mansoni.

Answer 497

Metriphonate: 10 mg/kg every 2 weeks for 3 doses ## Footnote Metriphonate is used specifically for S. haematobium but is facing resistance issues.

Answer 498

Due to recent widespread resistance ## Footnote Resistance to Metriphonate has led to its lack of recommendation for use.

Answer 499

They are mutagenic and potentially carcinogenic ## Footnote Antischistosomal drugs pose risks and are not recommended for use during pregnancy.

Answer 500

Mass treatment and follow up of infected persons ## Footnote This method is crucial for reducing transmission rates.

Answer 501

* Health education * Pure water supply ## Footnote These measures help reduce exposure to contaminated water.

Answer 502

* Wearing boots and gloves * Quick drying of exposed skin * Application of alcoholic preparations ## Footnote These actions help minimize the risk of cercarial penetration.

Answer 503

Copper sulphate 10 - 20 parts per million ## Footnote Copper sulphate is an effective molluscicide.

Answer 504

Schistosomiasis mansoni ## Footnote The Kato technique is a fecal examination method used specifically for this diagnosis.

Answer 505

Katayama syndrome ## Footnote This syndrome is associated with acute schistosomiasis.

Answer 506

Deposition of eggs in tissues ## Footnote This leads to inflammatory responses and damage to organs.

Answer 507

True ## Footnote Swimmer's itch is typically associated with cercariae from non-human schistosomes.

Answer 508

repellants ## Footnote Common repellants include dimethyl or dibutyl phthalate.

Answer 509

* Introduction of natural predators (ducks, birds) * Plantation of toxic plants (Balanites Aegyptiaca) ## Footnote These methods help reduce snail populations without harmful chemicals.

Answer 510

Clearing canals from weeds ## Footnote This deprives snails of food sources.

Answer 511

S. japonicum ## Footnote While S. haematobium is also noted, S. japonicum has a significant association.

Answer 512

5 - 10 parts per million ## Footnote This concentration is effective for controlling snail populations.

Answer 513

Increasing the velocity of water by increasing slopes of canals ## Footnote This can disrupt the snail's breeding and feeding patterns.

Answer 514

alcoholic preparations ## Footnote These preparations help protect against skin penetration by cercariae.

Answer 515

Pseudophyllidea and Cyclophyllidea

Answer 516

* Head (Scolex) * Neck * Proglottids (strobila, segments)

Answer 517

Organ of attachment to the intestinal mucosa of the definitive host

Answer 518

4 cup-shaped suckers

Answer 519

Pseudophyllidea scolex possesses a pair of longitudinal grooves called bothria instead of suckers

Answer 520

Region of growth, contains stem cells from which new proglottids are formed

Answer 521

* Immature * Mature * Gravid

Answer 522

Tapeworms are hermaphrodites; every mature segment contains both male and female reproductive organs.

Answer 523

The reproductive organs are not well developed.

Answer 524

The uterus is filled with eggs.

Answer 525

No, tapeworms do not have a body cavity or alimentary canal.

Answer 526

Nutrients are absorbed via the cuticle.

Answer 527

Rudimentary excretory and nervous systems.

Answer 528

Oncosphere (hexacanth embryo).

Answer 529

It is spherical and has 3 pairs of hooklets.

Answer 530

The egg is operculated.

Answer 531

The adult worm can cause mild disease or be asymptomatic, while the larval form can produce serious illness.

Answer 532

Serious illness and complications.

Answer 533

Pseudophyllidea ## Footnote Diphyllobothrium latum is categorized under the order Pseudophyllidea.

Answer 534

Small intestine ## Footnote The adult worm resides in the small intestine of humans.

Answer 535

Plerocercoid larva ## Footnote The Plerocercoid larva can be found in subcutaneous tissues and other organs.

Answer 536

Cylophyllidea and Pseudophyllidea ## Footnote These classifications distinguish between different types of tapeworms based on their habitat.

Answer 537

Taenia saginata ## Footnote Other examples include Taenia solium, Hymenolepis nana, and H. diminuta.

Answer 538

Small intestine ## Footnote This tapeworm primarily inhabits the small intestine of humans.

Answer 539

Diphyllobothriasis ## Footnote This disease is also known as fish tapeworm infection.

Answer 540

Central and Northern Europe, Siberia, Japan, North America, Central Africa ## Footnote It is notably absent in Yemen.

Answer 541

Dogs, cats, and many wild animals ## Footnote These animals can harbor the tapeworm and contribute to its lifecycle.

Answer 542

D.H. (Definitive Host) ## Footnote In this context, 'man' harbors the adult stage of the worm in the intestine.

Answer 543

Hydatid cyst ## Footnote These cysts are most commonly found in the liver, followed by the lungs and other organs.

Answer 544

True ## Footnote Man can harbor the adult stage in the intestine and the larval stage in tissues.

Answer 545

Cysticercus cellulosae ## Footnote This larval form can be found in human tissues.

Answer 546

D. latum ## Footnote D. latum is also known as Diphyllobothrium latum.

Answer 547

Up to 10 m or more ## Footnote Adult D. latum can grow significantly in length.

Answer 548

Spatulate or spoon-shaped, about 2-3 mm long and 1 mm broad ## Footnote The scolex has 2 slitlike longitudinal dorsoventral sucking grooves called bothria.

Answer 549

Thin and unsegmented ## Footnote The neck connects the scolex to the strobila.

Answer 550

3000-4000 proglottids ## Footnote The strobila is the body of the tapeworm composed of numerous segments.

Answer 551

About 65 X 45 µm ## Footnote The eggs are operculated at one end and have a thick shell.

Answer 552

Ovoid and yellowish brown ## Footnote The eggs contain immature ova and are passed in feces.

Answer 553

Broader than long ## Footnote This characteristic differentiates it from other tapeworms like Taenia.

Answer 554

Distributed in the dorsolateral part ## Footnote The distribution of reproductive organs is crucial for understanding tapeworm biology.

Answer 555

Rosette shaped, convoluted tube ## Footnote The uterus opens via the uterine pore located mid-ventrally.

Answer 556

* First stage embryo or larva (coracidium) * Second stage larva (procercoid) * Third stage larva (plerocercoid) ## Footnote Each larval stage has distinct morphological characteristics.

Answer 557

Ciliated stage ## Footnote The coracidium is the first stage of larval development.

Answer 558

Elongated, solid with spherical caudal end including 6 hooks ## Footnote The procercoid is the second larval stage.

Answer 559

Elongated, with an anterior invaginated scolex ## Footnote The plerocercoid is the third and final larval stage before maturation.

Answer 560

Unembryonated eggs are passed in faeces of infected human ## Footnote This initiates the cycle of infection for D. latum.

Answer 561

Eggs embryonate in water ## Footnote This is crucial for the development of the larvae.

Answer 562

Crustaceans (Cyclops) ## Footnote Coracidia are the first larval stage of D. latum.

Answer 563

Procercoid larvae ## Footnote This stage is essential for further transmission of D. latum.

Answer 564

Infected crustaceans are ingested by small freshwater fish ## Footnote This is a key transition in the life cycle.

Answer 565

Plerocercoid larva ## Footnote Humans become infected by consuming undercooked or raw fish.

Answer 566

Ingesting undercooked or raw infected fish containing plerocercoid larvae ## Footnote This leads to the attachment of the larvae to the intestinal wall.

Answer 567

3-5 months ## Footnote This duration is necessary for the larva to reach maturity.

Answer 568

In the small intestine ## Footnote This is where they continue their life cycle.

Answer 569

Immature eggs ## Footnote These are passed in human faeces, continuing the cycle.

Answer 570

Ingestion of undercooked/raw infected fish ## Footnote This is the primary way humans contract the infection.

Answer 571

Infective Stage: plerocercoid larva, Diagnostic Stage: eggs ## Footnote These stages are crucial for understanding the infection process.

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