תיאוריות התפתחותיות

Question 1

Temperament by Cloninger

• 4 tendencies of temperament and their associated neurotransmitters

Answer 1

1. Harm avoiding - GABA, serotonin
2. Novelty seeking - dopamine
3. Reward dependency - NE, serotonin
4. Persistance - Glutamate, serotonin

Question 2

Temperament components by Thomas & Chess

• 9 components

Answer 2

1. Activity
2. Regularity (=rythmicity)
3. Initial reaction (=approach or withdrawl)
4. Adaptibility
5. Intesity
6. Mood
7. Distactibility
8. Persistance
9. Sensitivity

Question 3

Dreamwork

• Work of Freud
• Concept
• 4 important terms

Answer 3

• Process of transformation of unaware thoughts into dreams

1. Manifested part - the dream itself
2. Latent part - the meaning behid the dream
3. Condensation - attributing several thoughts into one character in the dream
4. Displacement - attributing certain feeling to certain object in the dream that symbolizes something else in the real life

Question 4

Answer 4

Question 5

Psychosexual development - Freud

1. Oral phase fixation
2. Anal phase fixation
3. Phalic phase fixation
4. Latent phase fixation
5. Genital phase fixation

Answer 5

1. Optimism/pasimism, narcsissm, dependeny, tendency to substance abuse
2. Obsessions
3. Phobia, sexual identification problems, feelings of guilt
   
   • Apdial crisis occurs in this stage (corresponds to intiative vs guilt stage in Ericsson’s theory)
4. Not specified (?)
5. Not specified (?)

Question 6

Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development

• Stage 1…, occurs at the age of…[1]
• Stage 2…, occurs at the age of…[2]
• Stage 3…, occurs at the age of…[3]
• Stage 4…, occurs at the age of…[4]
• Stage 5…, occurs at the age of…[5]
• Stage 6…, occurs at the age of…[6]
• Stage 7…, occurs at the age of…[7]
• Stage 8…, occurs at the age of…[8]
• …[9] model that expands Freud’s theory at behavioral and social aspects

Answer 6

1. Trust vs. Mistrust - 0-18 months
2. Autonomy vs. Shame and doubt - 18 months - 3 years
3. Initiative vs. Guilt - 3-5 years
4. Industry vs. Inferiority - 5-12 years
5. Identity vs. Role confusion - 12-20 years
6. Intimacy vs. Isolation - 20-40 years
7. Generativity vs. stagnation - 40-65 years
8. Ego integrity vs. Despair - >65 years
9. Epigenetic

Question 7

Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development - fixations

1. Trust vs. Mistrust
2. Autonomy vs. Shame and doubt
3. Initiative vs. Guilt
4. Industry vs. Inferiority
5. Identity vs. Role confusion
6. Intimacy vs. Isolation
7. Generativity vs. Stagnation
8. Ego integrity vs. Despair

Answer 7

1. Schizophrenia, depression, addictions
2. Paranoia, OCPD
3. Phobia, conversion
   
   • The stage that is associated with the Adipal crisis
4. Conformism, lack of creativity
5. Crime, psychosis, gender identity disorders
6. Lack of forming social relations
7. Mid-life crisis
8. Alienation

Question 8

Theory of cognitive development - Jean Piaget

• Stage 1…, occurs at the age of…[1]
• Stage 2…, occurs at the age of…[2]
• Stage 3…, occurs at the age…[3]
• Stage 4…, occurs at the age of…[4]

Answer 8

1. Sensory-motor at the age of 0-2 years
   
   • Acquisition of object permanence
2. Pre-operational at the age of 2-7 years
   
   • Egocentric view, magic thinking, symbolic function
3. Concrete operational at the age of 7-11
   
   • Conservation, reversibility, deduction
4. Formal operational at the age of 11-adulthood

Question 9

Separation individuation theory of child development - Mahler

• Stage 1…, occurs at the age of…[1]
• Stage 2…, occurs at the age of…[2]
• Stage 3…, and it sub-phases: at this stage, Winnicott established that the kid can use…
  
  • Stage…, occurs at the age of…[4]
  • Stage…, occurs at the age of…[5]
  • Stage…, occurs at the age of…[6]
  • Stage…, occurs at the age of…[7]

Answer 9

1. Normal autistic phase at the age of 0-1 months
2. Normal symbiotic phase 0-5 months
3. Separation-individuation.
   
   • אובייקט מעבר
4. Differentiation at the age of 5-10 months
5. Practicing at the age of 10-18 months
6. Reapproachments at the age of 18-24 months
7. Consolidation at the age of 24-36 months
   
   • Hallmark is formation of object constancy

Question 10

Attachment theory - John Bowlby

• Stage 1…, occurs at the age of…[1]
• Stage 2…, occurs at the age of…[2]
• Stage 3…, occurs at the age of…[3]
• Stage 4…, occurs at the age of…[4]
• Psychiatric disorders that are associated with attachment disorders…[5-10]

Answer 10

1. Pre-attachment at the age of 0-2/3 months
   
   • Follow the mother
2. Attachment in the making at the age of 2/3-6 months
   
   • The baby attaches to one person or more
3. Clear-cut attachment at the age of 6-24 months
   
   • The baby cries and have signs of distress, and shows signs of relaxation when in her proximity
4. Formation of reciprocal relationship at the age of >25 months
   
   • Perception of mother as independent and formation of more complex relationship
5. Psychosocial dwarfism
6. Anxiety disorders
7. Separation anxiety disorders
8. Avoidant personality
9. Depressive disorders
10. Academic and intelligence disorders

Question 11

Type of insecure attachment - Mary Ainsworth

• 3 types

Answer 11

1. Insecure-avoidant
   
   • Shows little emotion when the caregiver departs or return
2. Insecure-ambivalent
   
   • Distress before separation and clingy and difficult to comfort on caregiver return
3. Insecure-disorganized
   
   • Posses no symptoms of coping mechanisms
   • Strong proximity seeking followed by strong avoidance upon reunion

Question 12

Empiric approachs to mental health

• 6 approaches

Answer 12

1. Mental health as above normal
2. Mental health as maturity
3. Mental health as positive or spiritual emotions
4. Mental health as socioemotional intelligence
5. Mental health as subjective well-being
6. Mental health as resilience
   
   • Help seeking, using cognitive techniques, unaware adulta defense mechanisms