~ Flashcards
Islams worship God ____ without intercession of priest or _____?
directly, clergy
Religion in Arab tribes before Islam was _______?
Polytheistic
Muslims pray ____ to the city of ____?
east, mecca
Which group was bigger, sunnis or shiates?
Sunnis
Why did Muslim rulers accept Jews/Christians?
because they were believed to worship the same God
Christians might convert to Islam for:
public offices and dont have to pay special taxes
Economy of Arab empire was based on?
Trade
Other than islamic religion, what else did arabs spread across the border of Arabia?
Arabic Language
what field of math got it’s name from arabic language?
algebra
(during middle ages the Arab world flourished in learning amongst those who didnt in western Europe). achievements?
- learned how to diagnose disease like measles and small pox
- figured out circulatory system
Islam is arabic for:
“Submission to the will of Allah”
Fundamental doctrine of the Quran is?
allah is the only one god(muhammed being his prophet), free will
5 Pillars of faith:
- Faith
- Prayer 5 times a day towards Mecca
- fasting in Ramadan Month
- Pilgrimage to mecca
- Alms (Going to poor/mosque)
Shariah law:
religious law rules daily life
shia believe first _____ _____ __ _____ were illegitament?
the first 3 caliphs
After Muhammed dies who becomes the first caliph?
Abu-Bakr, his bestfriend
Next 3 caliphs (after Abu-bakr)?
Umar, Uthman & Ali. Uthman and Ali were murdered
Umayyad:
rich & powerful family that causes sunni/shi’a/sufi split
Abbasids:
- rule for a long time
- strong central government:diplomacy
- very strong trade network
Ottomans were _____, NOT Arab
Turkish
Ottomans granted autonomy/rights to _________ & ____
Christians & Jews
Caravanserai:
Like a holiday inn, attracted greater trade
Ottomans led to the fall of _______ and were at their height in the _____ century?
Byzantium 16th
Ottomans lasted until ____ ____ _?
world war 1
Turkish muslims do what to india?
Invade & take control
Islam spread through africa through both?
military’conquest & trade
Conversion of the berbers led to conquest of _____, _____, & _____,
NW Africa, W Africa, & Spain
berbers were also known as?
Almoravids and moors
Muslim slaves were ruled by what?
Sharia (islamic law)
Slave trade had what with the conversion to islam?
legal protection and fredom
Bantut Arabic=
Swahili
What desert occupies most of North africa?
The sahara
what allowed traders to travel safely across the dry Sahara?
oasis with underground springs containing fresh water
what was the motivation to go to west Africa?
Gold & other riches
Where was ghana located?
the region between the senegal and nile rivers
What did people use to gain control over trade routes?
their ability to make iron swords, spears & lances
What specific powers did kings have?
Ability to tax all trade passing through the Ghana region
What did kings of Ghana do with their tax money?
raised an army with a large calvary
The king appointed _____ to govern provinces in return for ____________
nobles, paying taxes to the central governemt
What happened in 1076?
The Ghanians were invaded by Muslims from north africa
What happened in 1240?
the people of Mali conquered the old capital of Ghana & established a nee empire
What did Mali rulers convert to?
Islam
Mali’s most famous ruler?
Munsa Musa
What did Munsa musa do in 1324?
Made religious pilgrimage to Mecca & visited Cairo in egypt
What did Munsa Muss bring back to mali with him?
muslim scholars & architects
Timbuktu became the center of?
Trade
Timbuktu had what built for Munsa Musa?
a palace and giant mosque
Kingdon of Songhai lasted ____ yrs.?
130
What did Sunni Ali do in 1464?
Captured Timbuktu & brought upper Niger under his control
Ibn Buttata, an Arab traveler, provided scholars with knowledge of?
Life of Africa & the middle east
How far did the Songhai kingdom expand their trading networks?
to Europe & Asia
How did Moroccans defeat Songhai?
Gunpowder & muskets
The fall of Songhai marked what?
The end of Great west African kingdoms
What linked Mali to North africa?
enormous caravans
Ghana was an important commercial site for _____\?
Trade
