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VPH > Zoonoses Quiz > Flashcards

Zoonoses Quiz Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of Zoonoses

(2)

A
  • infectious dz. naturally transmitted btwn non-human vertebrates & humans
    • non-human vertebrate = main reservior
  • infectious agents maintained in animal or “reservior hosts”
    • these are asymptomatic
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2
Q

What is the WHO’s definition of Zoonoses?

A

dz & infection naturally transmitted

btwn vertebrate animal reserviors & humans

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3
Q

What is the definition of Zooanthroponoses?

A
  • zoonosis normally maintained in humans that can be transmitted to other vertebrates
    • H1N1
    • M. tuberculosis
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4
Q

What is the definition of reservoir?

A

where the infectious agent is maintained in nature→ lives & mulitples there

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5
Q

What does it mean if a dz. is reportable?

A

must tell State PH officials

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6
Q

What does it mean if a dz. if Notifiable?

A

Must tell Federal PH officials

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7
Q

What is the Vet’s role in Zoonoses according to WHO?

(4)

A
  • ID & evaluate zoonotic hazards
  • Develop policies & control measures for zoonotic & foodborne dz.
  • Stregthen global surveillance
  • Educate public on prevention of zoonoses
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8
Q

How can we classify Zoonoses?

(broad, 3)

A

By:

  • infectious agent
  • vertebrate reservoir host
  • maintenance in nature
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9
Q

What are the categories of

Infectious Agent Zoonoses?

(7)

A
  • Bacteria
  • Viruses
  • Mycoses
  • Protozoa
  • Nematodes
  • Cestodes
  • Arthropods
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10
Q

What are the 5 zoonoses that fall under

the Bacteria category?

A
  • Anthrax
  • Brucellosis
  • Cat scratch dz.
  • Leptospirosis
  • Q fever
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11
Q

4 zoonoses that fit into the Virus category?

A
  • WNV
  • Influenza
  • Monkey pox
  • Rabies
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12
Q

What are the 3 Mycotic Zoonoses?

A
  • Dermatophytosis → not all species
  • Sporotrichosis
  • Coccidioidomycoses
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13
Q

List the 3 Protozoal Zoonoses.

A
  • Crytosporidiosis
  • Giardiasis
  • Toxoplasmosis
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14
Q

List the Nematode Zoonosis.

A

Trichinellosis

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15
Q

List the 2 Cestode Zoonoses.

A
  • Taenia spp.
  • Echinocossus spp.
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16
Q

List the Arthropod Zoonosis.

A

Scabies mange

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17
Q

Cats are the reservoir hosts of what 3 zoonoses?

A
  • Toxoplasmosis
  • Ring worm
  • Rabies
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18
Q

Dogs are the reservoir host of what zoonosis?

A
  • Rabies
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19
Q

Cows are the reservoir hosts of what 2 zoonoses?

A
  • M. bovis → bovine TB
  • B. abortus → Brucellosis
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20
Q

Swine are the reservoir hosts of what 3 zoonoses?

A
  • B. suis → Brucellosis
  • Cysticercosis
  • Trichinellosis
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21
Q

Which species are we concerned about for xenotransplants?

A

Swine

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22
Q

Horses are the amplifier hosts of what zoonosis?

A

VEE

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23
Q

Horses are the dead-end host for what zoonosis?

A

WNV

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24
Q

What are the 4 classifications of zoonoses by their maintenance in nature?

A
  • Direct zoonoses
  • Cyclozoonoses
  • Metazoonoses
  • Saprozoonoses
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25
Q

What is the most useful way to classify zoonosis as it allows PH officials to design appropriate prevention & control strategies?

A

by their maintenance in nature

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26
Q

What are the characteristics of Direct Zoonoses?

A
  • agent requires only 1 vertebrate host to maintain itself
  • agent is transmitted via direct or indirect contact
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27
Q

List 4 examples of Direct Zoonoses.

A
  • Viral
    • Rabies
  • Bacterial
    • Bovine TB
    • Leptospirosis
  • Chlamydial
    • Psittacosis
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28
Q

What are the reservoir hosts for Bovine TB?

A

USA:

  • Cattle
  • Elk, deer, bison→ concerns about establishing itself in wild populations

UK:

  • Badgers i
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29
Q

What is the most common mode of transimssion of Bovine TB in cattle/bison/badgers?

What does this mean for humans?

A
  • aerosolization/inhalation
  • humans can become infected if share a common airspace w/ cattle/bison/badger or their carcass
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30
Q

What is the most common source of human infection w/ Bovine TB?

A
  • consuming raw milk or raw milk products
  • no pasteurization
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31
Q

How can immunocompromised persons get

Bovine TB?

A

through the BCG vax

(live-attenuated M. bovis strain)

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32
Q

When can you give an HIV person the BCG vax?

A

if they have a negative skin test, are asymptomatic & have not yet developed AIDS

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33
Q

The BCG vax is contraindicated in what individuals?

A

AIDS patients

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34
Q

What is the procedure if an HIV patient has potentially been exposed to M. bovis?

A
  • skin test the individual
  • start prophylactic TX
  • DO NOT VAX if skin test is (+)
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35
Q

Where are tubercules (granulomas) of bovine TB located @ Postmortem?

A
  • head & thoracic lymph nodes of cattle
  • lung, spleen, liver & surface of body cavities
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36
Q

Why is bovine TB a problem for humans?

A

causes an indistinguishable dz from that caused by

M. tuberculosis

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37
Q

How do we screen cattle, bison & goats for M. bovis?

A
  1. Caudal Fold Test (CFT)
  2. Comparative Cervical Test (CCT)
  3. Gamma Interferon Test
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38
Q

Describe the Caudal Fold Test (CFT).

A
  • 1st step in screening for M. bovis
  • inject 0.1 mL of purified tuberculin intradermally & wait 72 hrs to read
    • Cattle - tail fold
    • Camels - axillary region
    • Cervids - single cervical region
  • (+) = “responders” = myobacterial EXPOSURE only
    • inform feds/state agencies
    • retest either 10 days or after 60 days
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39
Q

Describe the Comparative Cerivcal Test (CCT) for

M. bovis.

A
  • done by state/fed agents
  • to distinguish btwn M. bovis & M. avium
  • (+) M. bovis animal = “reactor”
  • if have a “reactor”
    • entire herd is quarantined & tested, along w/ any other animals exposed to herd
    • Any reactors → culled
    • herd re-tested until each animal has 2 (-) test results
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40
Q

Describe the Gamma Interferon Test for M. bovis.

A
  • Blood test for CATTLE only
  • Accredited or regulatory vets only
  • Used as a comparative cervical test for “responders” to the CFT.
  • Differentiated M. bovis from M. avium
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41
Q

What is the purpose of the

Cervid Dual Path Platform Test (CDPPT)?

A

serologic test availble for screening cervids for

M. bovis before interstate/international movement.

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42
Q

Definition of Cyclozoonosis.

A

requires 2 vertebrate hosts to maintain agent

(humans may be one)

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43
Q

List the 3 Cyclozoonoses.

A
  • Echinococcus
  • Taeniasis
  • Cysticercosis
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44
Q

Echinococcus causes what dz. in humans?

A

Hydatid dz.

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45
Q

Hosts of T. saginata (Taeniasis).

Big problem for humans?

A
  • DH = human
  • IH = cattle
  • No, relatively innocuous → we are the DH
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46
Q

Hosts of T. solium (Cysticercosis).

Problem for humans?

A
  • DH- human
  • IH- swine OR human
  • only when get neurocysticercosis→ aberrant migration of T. solium aquired via F/O route → humans acting as an IH
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47
Q

L.C of Taeniasis/Cysticercosis?

A

pig/cow ingests food contaminated w/ human feces conataining Taenia spp. eggs → cysticerci form in animal’s mm. tissue → humans eat undercooked meat infected w/ cysticeri

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48
Q

How do we prevent Taeniasis/Cysticercosis?

A
  • avoid raw/undercooked beef/pork
  • Meat inspection
  • Avoid the use of “night water” for pasture/soil irrigation
  • Avoid contamination of soil, food, & water w/ human feces containing Taenia eggs.
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49
Q

How do you TX Taeniasis in cattle?

(4)

A
  • Praziquantel
  • Mebendazole
  • Febantel
  • Fenbendazole
50
Q

How do you TX Cysticercosis in Swine?

A
  • Valuable animals undergo SX to remove cysts
51
Q

Definition of Metazoonoses.

A

Requires:

  • a biological vector for maintenance of the organism
  • non-human vertebrate reservoir host
52
Q

Give examples of Metazoonoses.

A
  • Arboviral
    • WNV, VEE, WEE
  • Bacterial
    • Lyme borreliosis, Plague, Q fever
  • Ehrlichiosis
  • RMSF
    • R. richettsii
53
Q

What are the 2 classifications of Q fever?

A
  • Direct
  • Metazoonosis
54
Q

What is the obligate intracellular bacterium seen in dogs & humans throughout the US?

A

Rickettsia rickettsii

55
Q

Where do 60% of the RMSF cases occur in the US?

(5 states)

A
  • NC
  • OK
  • TN
  • MO
  • AR
56
Q

What are the vertebrate & invertebrate hosts of

R. rickettsii?

A
  • Vertebrate → wild rodents & lagomorphs
  • Invertebrate → Ixodidae/ hard ticks
57
Q

What are the 3 accidental dead end host of RMSF?

A
  • dogs
  • opossums
  • humans
58
Q

Do dogs transmit RMSF?

A
  • NO
  • may act as a sentinel for dz in their owners
59
Q

What is the dz status of RMSF in humans?

Where do most cases occur?

A
  • Reportable
  • 2/3 of cases from SE states
60
Q

TX of RMSF in dogs & humans?

(3)

A
  • Tetracycline
  • Chloramphenicol
  • Doxycycline

(only shortens course of the dz)

61
Q

Prevention & Control of RMSF?

A
  • Vector control & decrease tick exposure
  • No vax for RMSF
  • Lyme vax for dogs –> not people
62
Q

What is the PH role of Private Vets

in the prevention of RMSF.

A
  • if DX in a dog → encourage owner to see MD
  • Educate owner about tick exposure, proper tick removal & tick control methods
63
Q

Definition of Saprozoonoses?

2 examples?

A
  • requires soil (evironmental) stage to produce an infective stage of the parasite
  • requires vertebrate reservoir host to shed eggs into environment
  • Visceral & Cutaneous Larval migrans
64
Q

What 2 agents cause extraintestinal infections in humans leading to Visceral Larval migrans?

A
  • Toxocara canis*
  • Toxocara cati* (lesser extent)
65
Q

Host of Visceral Larval Migrans (VLM)?

A
  • Dogs
  • Cats
  • Humans
66
Q

How are VLM transmitted to Humans?

A
  • unembroynated eggs in dog feces must remain in environment for 1-3 wks → become infective
  • Kids eat dirt/people don’t wash hands → injest infective eggs
  • Contaminated food/water
67
Q

Can VLM be transmitted vertically in humans?

A

NO!!!

68
Q

What dz does VLM cause in humans?

A
  • visceral larval migrans
  • ocular larval migrans
69
Q

How do you TX VLM in animals & humans?

A
  • Animals
    • Deworm
  • Humans
    • supportive care only
70
Q

How do you prevent VLM?

A
  • Appropriate deworming regimine
    • puppies → 3 wks. to 3 mo.
    • kittens → 2 - 6 mo.
  • Good hygiene & public education
    • wash hands
    • pick up dog poop
71
Q

List the 2 agents that cause

Cutaneous Larval migrans (CLM).

A
  • Ancylostoma braziliense*
  • Ancylostoma caninum*
72
Q

Definition of Species Jumping?

Example?

A
  • organisms jumps from one species to another & is maintained in the new species
  • HIV
73
Q

What does Shared Infection mean?

A

there is no requirement for a vertebrate host

but can still infect animals

74
Q

Give some examples of shared infections.

(4)

A
  • Histoplasma capsulatum
  • Cossidioides immitis
  • Sporothrix schenkii
  • Ringworm → M. canis & Trichophyton spp.
75
Q

How can humans get infected with S. schenkii?

A
  • abrasions in skin
  • inhalation of spores (rare)
  • via contact with cats
76
Q

What are C/S of S. schenkii in cats?

A
  • nodular, ulcerative pyogranulomatous dermatitis
    • face, nasal planum & legs
  • some lymphatic involvement
  • adults more resistant than kittens
77
Q

TX of Sporotrichosis in Humans & cats?

A

Itraconazole

(lifelong may be required if an AIDS patient)

78
Q

Prevention of Sporotrichosis?

A
  • inform clients of potentional for transmissino from skin lesions of cats
  • wear gloves & wash hands w/ an antifungal after handling cats.
79
Q

Pre-pubescent children are more susceptible

to which agent of Ringworm?

A

M. canis

80
Q

All ages are susceptible to which agent of Ringworm?

A

Trichophyton spp.

81
Q

What happens if there is long term human-human spread of a zoonosis?

Give examples.

A

no longer called a “zoonosis”

  • pneumonic plague
  • Salmonellosis
  • E. coli O157:H7
82
Q

List the 5 zoonotic species of Brucellosis

& the animals they occur in.

A
  • B. melitensis → sheep & goats
  • B. abortus → cattle
  • B. suis → pig
  • B. canis → dog
  • B. maris → marine mammals
83
Q

What type of dz. is Brucellosis?

A

Reportable, direct zoonosis

84
Q

Reserviors hosts of B. abortus?

A
  • Cattle
  • Bison
  • Elk
  • other cervids
85
Q

Do bison/elk/other cervids have a role in Brucellosis of ruminants & humans?

A

No, do not maintain the dz.

86
Q

How do humans become infected w/ Brucellosis?

A
  • Consuming raw milk/raw milk products from infected cattle, sheep, goats & camels
    • rare in US b/c of pasteurization
    • often get while abroad
  • Occupational contact → abbattoir, farmer, vet, hunter
87
Q

List the 2 vaxs used against B. abortus.

A
  • RB51 → field conditions → 65% effective → herd immunity protects
  • MLV/Rifampin resistant strain → eradication programs
88
Q

List the 4 biovars of B. suis & the species they infect.

A
  • Biovars 1-3 → swine
  • Biovar 4 → reindeer & caribou (Inuits)
89
Q

What is different about B. suis?

A
  • NO ABORTION
  • can localize in bones & joints
  • can infect non-pregnant uterus
  • causes infertility
  • broader host specificity
90
Q

Where is B. suis a problem in the US?

A

in feral pig population

91
Q

List the 5 zoonotic dz’s transmitted by swine!

A
  • Brucellosis
  • Swine flu
  • Toxoplasmosis
  • Tularemia
  • Trichinellosis
92
Q

Who most often gets infected w/ B. suis?

A

hunters due to direct contact w/ feral pigs

93
Q

What is the most pathogenic form

of Brucellosis in humans?

A

B. melitensis

(sheep, goats & camels)

94
Q

What 2 other species can B. melitensis infect?

(besides humans & S/G/C)

A
  • Cattle
  • Iranian sheepdogs
95
Q

Is the B. abortus vax protective against B. melitensis?

A

NOPE

96
Q

How do people get B. canis?

A

most cases from lab exposure due to culturing

97
Q

What is the least pathogenic strain of Brucellosis in animals?

A

B. ovis

98
Q

Methods of transmission of Brucellosis in animals?

A
  • Aerosol
  • Oral
  • In utero
  • Veneral → B. suis & B. canis more
99
Q

Methods of transmission of Brucellosis in Humans?

A
  • Ingestion of unpasteurized milk/milk products
  • Inhalation → most common route in U.S.
  • Skin/Conjunctiva → due to autoinoculation
  • In utero → not proven
  • Veneral → not proven
  • Human-human → extremely rare
100
Q

C/S of B. abortus in cattle, dogs & horses.

A
  • Cattle
    • abortion, infertility, epididymitis, orchitis
    • bulls more resistant
    • Bang’s dz.
  • Dog → abortion
  • Horse
    • Bursitis
    • Arthritis
    • Fistulous withers
101
Q

C/S of B. melitensis in sheep, goats & camels?

A

abortion

102
Q

C/S of B. suis in swine & reindeer?

A
  • Swine
    • Abortion, epididymitits
    • boars & sows equally susceptible
  • Reindeer
    • Bursitis
    • Abortion
103
Q

Does B. ovis cause abortion in sheep?

A

rarely

104
Q

List the top 3 worse species of Brucellosis for humans.

A
  1. B. melitensis
  2. B. suis
  3. B. abortus
105
Q

C/S of Acute Brucellosis in Humans

A
  • Flu-like symptoms
  • undulant fever
  • chills
  • night sweats
  • aches
  • nausea
  • weakness

(symptoms subside then reoccur d’s to wk’s later)

106
Q

Does Brucellosis cause abortion in Humans.

A

NO

107
Q

Brucellosis Serology tells us what about an animal?

A

whether or not the animal has been exposed

(NOT if animal is infected/diseased)

108
Q

Why do we use Brucellosis culture?

What tissues can you collect samples from?

A
  • used to confirm (+) serology in cattle & bison
  • stomach & lung tissue of aborted fetus
  • Uterine discharge
  • milk
109
Q

Labs must report any findings of what 3 species of Brucellosis?

A
  • B. melitensis
  • B. suis
  • B. abortus
110
Q

How do we DX Brucellosis in humans?

A
  • (+) blood culture → takes wks
  • rising titer in non-endemic areas
  • PCR → in the works for chronic cases

(a reportable dz, but often goes unDX)

111
Q

How do we TX animals for Brucellosis?

A
  • Cattle, bison, elk or swine → cull
  • Dogs & horses → TX
112
Q

How does WHO suggest to TX Brucellosis in humans?

A
  • 6 wk course of Doxy & Rifampin
  • Don’t take Rifampin if autoinoculated self with RB51 (or MLV) → most MDs won’t know this
113
Q

Is there a good human vax available for Brucellosis?

A

Not currently

114
Q

Where is Brucellosis currently located in the US?

A

in wild reserviors

115
Q

Discuss the Cooperative State/Fed

Brucellosis Eradication Program

A
  • Vaccination → RB51
    • (can tell vax from wild type exposure)
    • Official Calf-hood Vaccinates (OCV)
      • all beef & dairy heifers vx’d btwn 4-12 mo. of age & get ear tag & tattoo ID
    • Limitations → vax only 65% effective → rely on herd immunity
  • Test & Slaughter
    • only intact adults
116
Q

Who heads up the

National Bovine Brucellosis Surveillance?

A

APHIS

117
Q

Purpose of the National Bovine Brucellosis Surveillance program?

A
  • to dectect brucellosis in domestic cattle & bison to qualify for OIE Dz-Free status
  • maintain regulatory compliance by farmers
118
Q

What is the primary surveillance technique currently being used to survey for Brucellosis?

A

slaughter surveillance

(collect blood from all slaughtered cattle capable of repro.)

119
Q

How is targeted surveillance

for Brucellosis performed?

A
  • Milk
    • Brucellosis ring tests 2-4 x’s/yr of a pooled milk sample
  • Market Cattle Testing
    • test only intact bulls & cows > 2 years old
      • (+) test → reactor cattle→ sent to slaughter if healthy & farm of origin in notified
      • reactor goats → condem carcass
120
Q

How can quarantine be lifted from a herd w/ a Brucellosis reactor?

A

after every individual in the herd has 2 negative tests 180 d. apart

VPH (2 decks)

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