Zoonoses And One Health

Question 1

What is the vaccine effectivity rate?

Answer 1

near 100%!

Question 2

How many people receive post exposire prophylaxis for rabies per year?

Answer 2

> 20 million due to severity of disease if contracted

Question 3

WHat are the 2 types of disease reservoirs?

Answer 3

• Urban rabies - dogs and foxes

- SYlvatic rabies - wildlife (asia etc.)

Question 4

What does outcome forr human disease depend on?

Answer 4

• location and severity of bite
• changes incubation period
• age and immunity

Question 5

WHat demographic are commonly infected wiht rabies?

Answer 5

CHildren (~40% cases)

Question 6

Is rabies endemic anyhere?

Answer 6

Yes, eastern europe, africa

Question 7

pthogenesis of rabies?

Answer 7

• bite
• slow multiplication of virus in muscle cells
• rapid transport of virus genomes in the nerve axons
• rapid virus spread within the CNS
• massive virus replication in nerve cells
• transport in nerve axons to salivary glands and other peropheral organs
• massive multiplication in salivary gland cells

Question 8

How long is the incubaiton period?

Answer 8

airbale, can be years! No one knows mechanimsn

Question 9

WHat is the most important reservoir of rabies?

Answer 9

Dogs

Question 10

What are the 2 forms of rabies clinical sings?

Answer 10

• aggressive form

- dumb form

Question 11

What animal is involved in south american rabies?

Answer 11

Bats and farm livestock (any mammal can be infected)

Question 12

WHat is RIG?

Answer 12

Rabies immunoglobulin

• flood wound site with antibodys (passive transfer)
• transient prottection befrore vacicine induced immune system kicks in
• human and equine forms (HRIG, ERIG)

Question 13

Problems with RIG?

Answer 13

• finding donors
• bath to batch difficultlies
• risks using blood products
  > use monoclonal abs

Question 14

Parenteral vax protocol for domestic animals?

Answer 14

• inactivated virus + adjuvant (aluminium phosphate)
• IM/SQ
• Nobivac dog cat horse cattle
• another one
  > oral vaccine developing in china

Question 15

How may wildlife spp be vaccinated?

Answer 15

• live-attenuated within a bait

Question 16

WHat tpe of virus is rabies?

Answer 16

LYssavirus

Question 17

Which viruses other than rabies does the rabies vaccine work against?

Answer 17

Phyllogroup 1 viruses (mostly eurppean viruses)

Question 18

What type of rabies seen in the old and new world?

Answer 18

> Old world (euroasia) - lyssa viruses in bats but no classical rabies in bats
New world (americas) - classical rabies virus, but No other lyssavirsues in bats

Question 19

WHere has rabies control been successsful in the past?

Answer 19

AMericas and Europe

Question 20

Which methods of rabies control are effective?

Answer 20

• CUlling NOT successful

- Parenteral and oral vax

Question 21

What % of dogs in a particular area should be vaccinated to control rabies?

Answer 21

70 % (40% likely to be successful)

Question 22

What is the reproductive rate of rabies virus and hwo does this afffect sustainability of the disease?

Answer 22

• 2 (rabid dog will bite 2 dogs before it dies (average)
• if this no. <1 then the disease is not sustainable and will be eradicated (kind of)
• 40% makes this no. less than 1, but must account for new puppies born during the year so aim for 70%

Question 23

How can costs to control rabies be justified?

Answer 23

So much money spent on post-exposure prophylaxis

Question 24

How can molecular typing be useful in rabies cases?

Answer 24

Locate the geographical typing of the virus to check it is consistent with story of travel and bite (ie. check wasnt from UK imported dog etc.)

Question 25

How long would an infected dog that is transmitting disease survive for?

Answer 25

10/15d - if you can catch and keep the dog you will find out if it was transmitting

Question 26

WHat is the only way of diagnosing rabies once clinical signs present?

Answer 26

• euthanasia and FAT

- PCR for virus isolation

Question 27

When is the high risk period of rabies?

Answer 27

14d ahead of appearance of clinical signs - when dog could potentilly be infective

Question 28

WHat i the fatality rate of rabies?

Answer 28

Near 100%