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Infectious Disease > Zoonoses > Flashcards

Zoonoses Flashcards

1
Q

What are zoonoses?

A
  • Infections that can pass between living animals and humans
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2
Q

Why are infections such as malaria and Schistosomiasis not zoonoses?

A

Because even though transmitted from animals, they depend on the human host for part of their life-cycle

  • According to lecture, don’t really understand that one
  • Maybe because they aren’t really infections when in the host animals? Only become infections in humans
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3
Q

What are zoonoses caused by?

A
  • Viruses
  • Bacteria
  • Parasites
  • Fungi
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4
Q

What are some examples of bacterial zoonoses?

A 
Salmonella
Campylobacter
Shigella
Anthrax
Brucella
E-coli (verotoxigenic)
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5
Q

What are some examples of viral zoonoses?

A

Rabies

Avian influenza

Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF)

Ebola virus disease

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6
Q

What are some examples of parasitic and fungal zoonoses?

A

Parasites:
Cysticercosis
Echinococcosis
Toxoplasmosis

Fungi:
Dermatophytoses
Sporotrichosis

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7
Q

How is rabies transmitted? Incubation period? Pathophysiology?

A
  • Transmitted from the bites of infected animals (97% dogs but lots of potential reservoirs)
  • Incubation period ranges from 2 weeks to several months
  • Infection travels to the brain via peripheral nerves and causes encephalitis
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8
Q

What are some symptoms of rabies infection?

A

Encephalitis symptoms:

  • Malaise, headache & fever
  • Progressing to mania, lethargy & coma
  • Over production of saliva & tears
  • Unable to swallow & ‘hydrophobia’
  • Death most often by respiratory failure
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9
Q

Investigations to diagnose rabies infection? Treatment?

A
  • PCR of saliva or CSF

Immediately after bite post exposure prophylaxis:

  • human rabies immunoglobulin (HRIG) around and into wound
  • +4 doses of rabies vaccine over 14 days
  • Rabies is always lethal if untreated.
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10
Q

How is the brucellosis infection transmitted?

A

Through exposure to any of 3 variants of Brucella (gram negative coccobacilli. Exposure via:

  • Milking infected animals
  • During parturition of the animals
  • Handling carcasses of infected animals
  • Consumption of unpasteurized dairy products
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11
Q

How does the Brucellosis infection tend to present?

A

Either acute, subacute, chronic or subclinical presentation:

Acute: Fever, weakness, headaches, drenching sweats and splenomegaly

Subacute: Fever and joint pains

Chronic: Flu-like symptoms. Malaise, depression, arthritis, endocarditis, splenomegaly

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12
Q

How long do the different presentations of Brucellosis tend to last? Which is the most common form?

A
  • Subclinical: most common form
  • Acute: 1 - 3 weeks
  • Subacute: over 1 month
  • Chronic: Lasts for months / years
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13
Q

Treatment of Brucellosis?

A
  • Long acting Doxycycline for 2-3 months + Rifampicin, or + intramuscular gentamycin for first week(s)
  • Add Cotrimoxazole for 2 weeks in CNS disease
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14
Q

How is Leptospirosis spread? How widespread a disease is it? How does it infect humans?

A

Through exposure to Leptospira genus of bacteria (spirochaetes)

  • Many different host animals, widespread disease
  • 11% of dairy workers have positive serology, with no history of illness
  • Penetrates abraded skin or mucous membranes and causes systemic illness
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15
Q

What are the 2 most common forms of Leptospirosis and how do they tend to progress?

A
  1. L. icterohaemorrhagica (rat bites): Flu like symptoms – then jaundice, and renal failure
  2. L. hardjo (cattle): Fever, meningism – no jaundice
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16
Q

What is the general presentation of Leptospirosis? What are some possible severe complications?

A
  • Undifferented fever; myalgia, headaches & abdominal pain

Weil’s disease (Triad of jaundice, AKI, bleeding)
Pulmonary haemorrhage (PH)
Case fatality 5-40%, >50% in PH

17
Q

How is Leptospirosis diagnosed?

A

ELISA serology (suboptimal)

PCR

Culture – take at least one week on special media

18
Q

How is Leptospirosis treated?

A

Lack of evidence that antibiotics are particularly effective, but most effective early in disease
- Doxycycline for mild disease, IV penicillin for severe

Prompt dialysis
Mechanical ventilation

19
Q

How is Lyme Borrelios transmitted? What are some of the possible manifestations of the disease?

A

Transmitted by tick, Ixodes ricinus

  • Erythema Migrans (EM)
  • ACRODERMATITIS CHRONICA ATROFICANS (ACA)
  • LYMPHOCYTOMA
  • NEUROBORRELIOSIS (NB)
20
Q

How does Erythema Migrans (EM) tend to present? How common is it in Lyme Borreliosis?

A

EM: present in 80-90% of cases

Occurs 3-90 days after the bite

  • Presents as an expanding rash on the skin, can have single or multiple lesions
21
Q

How does Acrodermatitis chronica atroficans (ACA) tend to present? Who is it more common in?

A
  • present in European Lyme Borrelios, more common in the elderly
  • Appears as bluish-red discoloration – progresses over months to years to atrophic phase
  • Occurs on extensor surfaces of distal extremities
  • Peripheral neuropathy common
22
Q

How does lymphocytoma as a result of Lyme Borreliosis tend to present?

A

Bluish solitary painless nodule

Occurs on earlobe or areola

23
Q

How does neuroborreliosis (NB) tend to present? How common is it?

A
  • Approx. 15% of patients develop NB
  • Triad of facial nerve palsy, radicular pain (pain “radiated” along a dermatome) & lymphocytic meningitis
  • Onset of symptoms 1-12 weeks after bite
24
Q

How does Lyme Borreliosis contracted in the USA tend to differ?

A

Cardiac disorders more common (8 – 10%)

  • Carditis (peri-myocarditis)
  • Heart block

Arthritis more common
- Large joints, often knees

25
Q

How is Lyme Borreliosis diagnosed?

A

EM: clinical diagnosis

ACA and Lymphocytoma: clinical & serology

NB: clinical + laboratory findings (symptoms + CSF analysis for high WBC + blood & CSF serology)

26
Q

How is Lyme Borreliosis treated?

A

Oral Doxycycline or Amoxicillin, or IV Ceftriaxone

Most manifestations treat for 21 days (28 in arthritis or ACA)

Infectious Disease (13 decks)

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