zoonoses Flashcards

1
Q

WHO definition

A

Infections that are naturally transmitted between vertebrate animals and humans.
This excludes organisms which depend on the human host for part of their life-cycle (e.g. malaria, schistosomiasis, onchocerciasis, elephantiasis).

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2
Q

common zoonoses in UK

A
salmonella
campylobacter
toxoplasma
psittacosis
Q- fever
Emerging:
Avian Influenza
Nipah virus
rabies
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3
Q

Rabies

A

Lyssavirus
dogs (97%) bats monkeys
animal tend to die quickly
o Incubation period: 2 weeks to several months
o Rabies virus travels to the brain via peripheral nerves
o Causes an acute encephalitis
♣ Malaise, headache & fever
♣ Progressing to mania, lethargy & coma
♣ Over production of saliva & tears
♣ Unable to swallow & ‘hydrophobia’
♣ Death by respiratory failure

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4
Q

diagnosis and management

A
PCR of saliva or CSF
o	post-exposure prophylaxis
o	human rabies immunoglobulin (HRIG)
o	infiltrated round the bite (if possible)
\+4 doses of rabies vaccine over 14 days
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5
Q

brucellosis

A
small gram-ve coccobacilli
organism excreted in milk, placenta & aborted foetus
risk:
milking infected animals
dairy products
presentation
acute:
high rising and falling fever
sweats
splenomegaly
o	Subacute (lasts over 1 month) 
Fever and joint pains (knee, hip, back SI joints
o	Chronic (lasts for months or years) 
♣	Flu-like symptoms 
♣	Malaise
♣	Depression
♣	Chronic arthritis
♣	Endocarditis
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6
Q

management

A

long acting doxycycline + rifampicin or +im gentamycin
relapse can occur
add co-trimoxazole for 2 weeks in CNS disease

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7
Q

leptospirosis

A

(weil’s disease)
L.hardjo-cattle
fever meningism-no jaundice
• Think water exposure
o E.g. planting, hunting, gutting, canoeing, weeding, fishing, bathing, swimming
• Fever in a cattle farmer – more likely to be leptospirosis than brucellosis
• Treatment:
o Penicillin as early as possible.
o L. hardjo usually benign, self-limiting

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8
Q

toxoplasmosis

A

due to intracellular protozoan parasite
-cats
• • Human acquire infection from oocysts in cat faeces or from trophozoites in undercooked meat (cattle, pigs and horses may be intermediate hosts).

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9
Q

clinical features

A

o Acute form:
♣ Pneumonia, fever, cough, rash
♣ Acute infection during pregnancy can be transmitted to baby, leading to congenital malformation
o Chronic form:
♣ Lymphadenopathy (occipital), lymphocytosis, atypical mononuclear cells on blood film
o Chorio-retinitis and uveitis
o Congenital form:
♣ Hydrocephalus, microphthalmos, microcephaly, convulsions, calcification in brain on x-ray

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10
Q

treatment

A

o Most don’t require treatment
o Sulphonamide and pyrimethamine (Fansidar)
o (folate antagonists)
o Occasionally tetracycline

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11
Q

lyme borrelios

A

to Borrelia burgdorferi
• tick, Ixodes ricinus
o Nymph carries the highest amount of lyme
• Symptoms:
Erythema migrans
-redness spreads and clears in the middle, ring
Acrodermatitis chronica atroficans (ACA)
o Lymphocytoma
o Neuroborreliosis (NB)
♣ Triad of facial nerve palsy, radicular pain & lymphocytic meningitis

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12
Q

diagnosis

A

o EM a clinical diagnosis
o ACA and lymphocytoma – clinical & high serology titres
o Arthritis – very high serology titres found in synovial fluid
NB – clinical + lab findings

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13
Q

management

A

doxycycline, amoxicillin or cefuroxime

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