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Microbiology - Path > Zoonoses > Flashcards

Zoonoses Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the definition of a zoonose?

A

Diseases that pass between people and animals

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2
Q

What percentage of emerging human diseases come from animals and why?

A

More than 70% of new emerging human diseases come from animals.

Antigenic shift happens with diseases from animals, causing mutation and then development of new diseases

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3
Q

What ways are diseases transmitted between animals and humans?

A
  • Every day contact with animals - scratches or bites
  • By products (feces/urine) - contaminated soil, litter
  • Foodstuffs - carcass processing, milk and milkin and raw/undercooked meats
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4
Q

What else can animals transmit that can cause disease?

A
  • many commensal organisms in animals can cause infections in humans if imbibed or inoculated into mucous membrane or open wounds, or through vectors.
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5
Q

What are two common infections that come from farm animals in the UK?

A
  • Campylobacter
  • Salmonella
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6
Q

Name 4 common diseases that come from companion animals seen within the UK?

A
  • Bartonella
  • Toxoplasmosis
  • Ringworm
  • Psitticosis
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7
Q

Describe the following about campylobacter:

  1. Reservoir
  2. Transmission
  3. Clinical presentation
  4. Investigations
  5. Management
A
  1. Poultry and cattle
  2. Contaminated food - dont wash chickens
  3. Diarrhoea, bloating and cramps
  4. stool culture - MC&S
  5. supportive, fluids - NO antibiotics
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8
Q

Describe the following about salmonella:

  1. Reservoir
  2. Transmission
  3. Presentation
  4. Investiagtions
  5. Management
A
  1. Poultry, reptiles/amphibians
  2. Contaminated food, poor hand hygiene
  3. Diarrhoea, vomiting and fever
  4. Stool culture
  5. Supportive, ciprofloxacin and azizthromycin
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9
Q

Describe the following for Bartonella henselea: Cat scratch disease

  1. Reservoir
  2. Transmission
  3. Presentation
  4. Investigations
  5. Management
  6. Type of bacteria
A
  1. Kittens>cats - prevalance is 30-50%
  2. Scratches, bites, licks of open wounds and fleas
  3. Macule at site of innoculation, becomes pustular, regional adenopathy and systemic symptoms
  4. serology
  5. erythromycin or doxycycline
  6. Slightly curved gram negative rod

14% can develop to more severe symptoms, which can include eye problems, encephalopathy, arthritis, osteolysis, vascular system lesions, hepatitis or pneumonia

Can cause two conditions: Cat scratch disease or bacillary angiomatosis

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10
Q

Describe the following for bartonella henselae: bicillary angiomatosis:

  1. Reservoir
  2. Transmission
  3. Presentation
  4. Investigations
  5. Management
  6. Type of bacteria
A
  1. Kittens>cats
  2. Scratches, bites, licks of open wounds, fleas
  3. occurs in immunocompromised, skin papules, disseminated multi-organ and vasculature involvement
  4. Histopathology and serology
  5. Erythromycin or doxycycline PLUS rifapicin

Much more severe disease than CSD.

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11
Q

Describe the following about toxoplasmosis:

  • Reservoir
  • Transmission
  • Presentation
  • Investigations
  • Management
  • Life cycle
A
  1. Cats and sheep
  2. Infected meats and faecal contamination
  3. Fever, adenopathy, still-birth, progressive visual, hearing, motor and cognitive issues, seizures, neuropathies
  4. serology
  5. Spiramycin - when pregnant or Pyrimethamine (never when pregnant) + sulfadiazine
  6. Toxoplasmosis life cycle is shared between cat and mouse.
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12
Q

Describe the following for brucellosis:

  1. Reservoir
  2. Transmission
  3. Presentation
  4. Investigations
  5. Management
  6. Incubation period
A
  1. Cattle and goats
  2. Unpasteurised milk, undercooked meat, mucosal splash and aerolisation/inhalation
  3. Fever, back pain, orchitis, focal abscesses (psoas, liver etc) Looks very similar to TB and presents with many similar extra-pulmonary manifestations like TB
  4. Blood/pus culture, serology
  5. Doxycycline PLUS Gentamicin or rifampicin for 6 weeks
  6. Usually 30 days but can be up to 5 months
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13
Q

Describe the following for Coxiella burnetii - Q fever:

  1. Reservoir
  2. Transmission
  3. Presentation
  4. Investigations
  5. Management
A
  1. Goats, sheep and cattle
  2. Aerolisation/inhalation of secretions, waste or milk of infected animals. Unpasteurised milk
  3. Fever, ‘flu-like’ illness, penumonia, hepatitis, endocarditis, focal abscesses (para-vertebral/discitis etc) - very non specific
  4. serology
  5. Doxycycline and/or hydrochloroquine
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14
Q

Describe the following for Rabies:

  1. Reservoir
  2. Transmission
  3. Presentation
  4. Investigations
  5. Management
  6. Virus name?
A
  1. Cats, dogs and bats
  2. bites, scratches or contact with infected fluid
  3. seizures, excessive salivation, agitation, confusion, fever, headache
  4. serology, brain biopsy
  5. immunoglobulin - only given if direct exposure to saliva of likley infected animal and no pre-exposure vaccinations recieved or vaccine - post vaccination can help stage off the infection
  6. Lyssa virus
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15
Q

Describe the following for Rat bite fever:

  1. Reservoir
  2. Transmission
  3. Presentation
  4. Investigations
  5. Management
  6. Type of bacteria causing the conditon
A
  1. Rats
  2. Bites, contact with infected urine/droppings
  3. Fevers, polyarthralgia, maculopapular progressing to purpuric rash - can progress to endocarditis
  4. Joint fluid microscopy and culture, blood culture
  5. Penicillins
  6. Streptobacillus monilliformis or spirillum minus
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16
Q

Describe the following for Hantavirus Pulmonary syndrome

  1. Reservoir
  2. Transmission
  3. Presentation
  4. Investigations
  5. Management
  6. Type of bacteria causing the condition
A
  1. Deer mouse, white footed mouse, cotton rat and rice rats
  2. Contact with infected urine or droppings and aerolisation
  3. Fever, myalgia, ‘Flu-like’ illness and respiratory failure, bleeding and renal failure
  4. Serology and PCR
  5. Supporrtive
  6. Sin Nombre virus, black canal virus and Bayou virus
17
Q

Describe the following for Viral haemorrhagic fever:

  1. Reservoir
  2. Transmission
  3. Presentation
  4. Investigations
  5. Management
  6. Type of bacteria causing the conditon
A
  1. Bats (ebola and Marburg), Rats (Lassa) and Ticks (Crimean congo haemorrhagic fever)
  2. Contact with fluids of infected
  3. Fever, myalgia, ‘flu-like’illness, bleeding
  4. Serology and PCR
  5. Supportive
  6. Viral haemorrhagic fever is caused by a number of viruses, Lassa, Ebola, Marburg and CCHF. Ebola and Marburg are RNA viruses in the filovirus family
18
Q

What is serology?

A

Serology is the analysis of antibodies/immunoglobulins in the blood, and what they are attached to

19
Q

A 35yr old patient presents with abdominal cramps and diarrhoea after a BBQ. What is the most likely source?

A. Beef

B. Pork

C. Chicken

D. Unpasteurised cheese

E. Playing with the tortoise

A

C. Chicken

20
Q

A 35yr old patient presents with fever after a bat bute. What potential infection is most concerning?

A. Spirillum minus

B. Hanta virus

C. Lassa virus

D. Rabies virus

E. Streptobacillus moniliformis

A

D. Rabies virus

21
Q

A 35 year olfd is suspected of having a brucella infection in their right psoas after drinking unpasteurised goats milk. Which is the first investigation to obtain?

A. Blood culture

B. Psoas pus culture

C. Serology

D. Whole blood PCR

E. Psoas muscle histopathology

A

A. Blood culture

Microbiology - Path (12 decks)

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