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Micro2 Unit 2 > Zoonoses > Flashcards

Zoonoses Flashcards

1
Q

what is the CDC definition of zoonoses

A

contagious diseases spread between animalss and humans

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2
Q

how are humans involved in the life cycles of zoonotic diseases?

A

they are accidental hosts, not part of the life cycle

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3
Q

what is a reservoir? do they show signs of infection?

A

non human species that maintains the infection. may or may not show clinical symptoms

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4
Q

what is a vector?

A

an organism that transmits the pathogen from reservoir to other animals. not required for transmission

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5
Q

what are three transmission routs of a zoonosis?

A

contact with infected material from an animal, bite by a vector or eating or drinking infected material

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6
Q

what are five bacterial zoonotic pathogens?

A

bacillus antracis, francisella tularensis, brucella, yersinia pestis, and bartonella henselae

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7
Q

what is the vector of B anthracis?

A

no vector usually

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8
Q

what are the vectors of F tularensis?

A

ticks, mosquitos and deer flies

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9
Q

what are the hosts for b anthracis? what disease does it cause?

A

cattle and other ungulates. causes anthrax

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10
Q

what is the life cycle of b anthracis?

A

the cattle inhale spores from the soil that germinate once ingested and ultimately kill the host

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11
Q

how are humans exposed to anthrax?

A

they are exposed to spores from the environment or contaminated animal products

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12
Q

what are the hosts of yersinia pestis? what are the vectors? what disease does it cause?

A

rodents
fleas
causes the plague

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13
Q

how is y. pestis transmitted to humans?

A

most commonly from an infected flea bite or contact with an infected rodent

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14
Q

what are the hosts and vectors of type A tularaemia?

A

lagomorphs (rabbits and hairs) are the hosts and ticks and flies are the vectors and long term reservoirs

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15
Q

how are patients infected with type A tularaemia?

A

by the bite of an infected vector or by handling a diseased animal. also can inhale dust or aerasols contaminated during farming or landscaping

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16
Q

what are the hosts of francisella tularensis holarctica? vectors? long term reservoirs?

A

hares, rabbits and beavers
vectors include mosquitoes, tabanid flies and ticks
ticks are also reservoirs

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17
Q

how are mammals infected by f. tularensis holarctica?

A

by drinking infected water

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18
Q

how are humans invected with tularemia type B?

A

by contact with infected host or vectors and by ingestion of infected water

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19
Q

what are the three types of anthrax poisoning?

A

cutaneous-creates dark sores on the skin

inhalation and GI infection

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20
Q

what is the form of bacillus anthracis?

A

gram positive rod

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21
Q

what does cutaneous anthrax infection look like?

A

small sore that develops into a blister and then into a skin ulcer with a black area in the center. it does not hurt but there is edema

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22
Q

what are the GI symptoms of anthrax?

A

nausea, bloody diarrhea, fever and stomach pain

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23
Q

what are the pulmonary symptoms of anthrax?

A

cold/flu symptoms. later symptoms include cough, SOB and muscle aches

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24
Q

how is anthrax treated?

A

with cipro or doxycyclin

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25
Q

what regions do the different tularemia strains inhabit?

A 
type A (more virulent) in US and canada
type B (less virulent) in Europe and Asia
26
Q

what is the morphology and metabolism of tularemia?

A

aerobic gram negative rod

27
Q

what is the most common form of tularemia?

A

ulceroglandular- a skin ulcer appears where the organism entered the body and regional lymph nodes swell

28
Q

what is glandular tularemia?

A

no ulcer appears but there is regional lymphadenopathy

29
Q

what is oculoglandular tularemia?

A

occurs when bacteria enter through the eye - irritation and inflammation of the eye and swelling of lymph nodes around the ear

30
Q

what is the most serious form of tularemia?

A

pneumonic- cough, chest pain and difficulty breathing

31
Q

how is brucella usually transmitted to humans?

A

by contact with infected farm animals through conjunctiva or broken skin, ingestion of dairy products and undercooked meat or inhalation of infectious aerosols

32
Q

how many species of brucella exist? are all of them human pathogens?

A
  1. two of them do not infect humans
33
Q

what are cattle signs of brucella?

A

third trimester abortions, retained placenta, endometriosis, birth of dead or weak calves and low milk yield

34
Q

what does human brucella infection look like?

A

can affect any organs. patients have cyclical fever in acute disease and variable clinical signs

35
Q

what are six complications of brucella infection?

A

osteoarticular, hepatosplenomegaly, GI complications, GU involvement, Neuro (depression) and endocarditis (most common cause of death)

36
Q

how is brucella diagnosed in humans?

A

isolation of gram negative bacillus from blood and marrow, serum agglutination test, immunofluorescence in clinical specimens and PCR

37
Q

how is brucella treated?

A

doxycycline for 6 weeks or longer plus streptomycin for first 14-21 days. gentamicin appears as effective

38
Q

what is the progmosis of brucella?

A

patients recover, but it may take a long time and disability is common. 5% of treated cases relapse

39
Q

what is the incubation period of the plague? what is the history associated?

A

1-6 days

exposure to rodent, rodent fleas, wild rabbits, sick or dead carnivores or patients with pneumonic plague

40
Q

what are the different types of plague?

A

bubonic- rapid onset of fever and lymphadenopathy
pneumonic- high fever, pneumonia and bloody sputum
septicemic- fever, hemorrhagia or thrombosis and progresses to gangrene

41
Q

what causes the plague? where is it isolated on the patient?

A

yersinia pestis

isolated from bubo aspirates, blood cultures or speutum culture of pneumonic

42
Q

what is the treatment for the plague?

A

parenteral streptomycin is first line, gentamicin if oral therapy is necessary. doxy can also be used

43
Q

describe the morphology of leptospira

A

they are small (can’t see with light microscope) with paired axial flagella.

44
Q

what is the reservoire of leptospira?

A

pet and livestock. shed in urine

45
Q

how is leptospira passed to humans?

A

abraded skin or mucous membrane contact with contaminated water

46
Q

how does leptospira present?

A

acute fever followed by mild, self limiting symptoms or severe multiorgan disease

47
Q

what is phase one of leptospirosis?

A

incubation is 5-14 days. acutely multiplies in endothelium and toxins are released. mostly cleared with opsonization

48
Q

what is phase two of leptospirosis?

A

delayed new or continued growth in organ causing more severe symptoms

49
Q

what phase two organ dysfunction is caused by leptospirosis?

A

jaundice, renal failure, hemorrhage, aseptic meningitis, HUS, DIC, TTP and vasculitis

50
Q

what are the different types of leptospirosis?

A

icteric- phase 2 comes fast with greater severity and high mortality
anicteric

51
Q

what history is associated with leptospirosis? what eye findings?

A

eating and swimming in endemic areas. eye exam has conjunctival redness without exudate and uveitis

52
Q

how is leptospirosis diagnosed on exam?

A

can be cultured from urine and seen in darkfield with silver or IF staining. confirm with serology or PanBio dipstick in urine

53
Q

what are the routine lab findings with leptospirosis?

A

anemia (DIC), elevated BUN and creatinine, elevated bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase and elevated serum creatine kinase with muscle involvement

54
Q

what is the treatment for leptospirosis?

A

penicillin (alt doxy or cephalospirins), hydration and restrict diet for organ damage. may have Jarisch Herxheimer reaction

55
Q

what disease is caused by bartonella henselae?

A

cat scratch disease- mostly in younger patient

56
Q

what are the clinical manifestations of cat scratch disease?

A

fever, enlarged lymph nodes, papules or pustules at innoculation site.

57
Q

what is the clinical manifestation of bartonella henselae with immunocompromise?

A

angiomatosis and peliosis hepatitis (HIV). presents as skin, subcutaneous or bone lesions

58
Q

what is the treatment of b henselae?

A

azithromycin with extensive adenopathy
erythromycin or doxy for angiomatosis
gentamicin and ceftriaxone for endocarditis

59
Q

what is pasteurella multocida associated with?

A

cat or dog bite. clinically evident within a few hours

60
Q

what complications arise from p multocida?

A

cellulitis or abscess, pneumonia, endocarditis, seeding of organs or rare meningitis

61
Q

what is the morphology of capnocytophagg canimorsus? what is the metabolism and where does it reside?

A

facultive anaerobic gram negative rod. normal flora of cats and dogs

62
Q

what is the clinical presentation of c canimorsus?

A

cellulitis, bacteremia, meningitis, shock and fulminent sepsis

Micro2 Unit 2 (9 decks)

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