Zoological Gardens Flashcards
Museums and zoos in relation to Jumbo
relationship is that museums are the static version of the zoo- what’s left after witnessing animals living is still useful as a museum exhibit
multiple identities for Jumbo- mascot in UNI, exhibit, entertainment in zoo and circus
enclosed areas or open air, areas for keeping, displaying, studying, breeding, entertaining
What is the role of zoos? What is acceptable practice?
meant to entertain and educate the public but have strong emphasis on scientific research and species conservation
Giving animals more space and recreating natural habitats
Loisel- French 1912(expert) attention to detail, social cultural and historical context of zoos
the prehistoric period- Galton said they captured animals and kept them for pleasure rather than food, as tribes became larger, animals were assembled in ways of showing status
Period of the Modern Zoological Park
What Year did the word zoo appear in OED(Oxford English Dictionary)?
1830s
Zoo at the Tower of London
1066, show of power, symbol of royal families
prison, palace, royal menagerie
one of the first and most famous zoos in the world 13th century
Aztec Menagerie: the rulers animals from the Florentine codex
biggest zoo in the world
300 keepers in Moctezumas zoo required to care for beasts
carnivores preferred human sacrifices
Modern Period- from 1750 to 1950 Versailles- Royal Menagerie
the term menagerie derives from menage and mans literally” a place for managing animals”
implies containment but also domination and control
LouisXIV establishes his menagerie in 1665
Zoos became a part of urban culture on London(1828) Amsterdam(1839) Berlin 1844, New York 1873 and Philadelphia 1874
disseminate systematic knowledge, province descriptive names and scientific labels, behaviours of animals, larger zoos experiment w display pavilions, combine architecture w zoos
aesthetic elements to make things look interesting visually, exhibit and decorative qualtity
objectification of animals
architecture lets ppl feel like they’ve been transported to another place
huge aviaries, but small enclosures for big animals
19th C menageries: industrialization
establishment of first sizeable traveling menages.
menagerie goes from a fixed spot, fairly limited size, to a large scape parade in street
first one in Schonbrunn Austria 1752. largest royal menagerie in Europe. first collection kept for scientific purposes
Hagenbeck tierpark 1907
moated areas for large animals like elephants, they can reach out to be fed but can’t get too close
new enclosure made to recreate natural habitat for animals
promote natural behaviour from animals, shift from decorative elements, more wanting to understand them
biologist studying animals behaviour
improvement in biological condition of animals
Hagenbeck was advocate from protection of natural world, established contemporary zoo standards
Carl Hagenbecks Teirpark was established in early 1900s
he used to be animal trader, studied jumping distances for various animals, did conditioning
collection began in 1863 with animals
had a human menagerie
Tierpark and Human Zoos
Hagenbeck presented ppl from foreign countries
ppl were exhibits, toured Europe on tight schedule, performing what they do on a normal day
small wages, ethnological expositions
paired w animals or in places meant to mimic where they’d been taken from
travels exposed to diff diets and illnesses, Inuit family died bc of smallpox
Human beings in European zoos
19th and 20th century zoos included human beings as well as animals
starts when people are put into world fairs, made up to be more exotic than they are
What is the most dangerous animal at the zoo? the architect
one that has no concept of what animals require
Buenis Aires zoos
Eduardo Holmberg, director and designer
in this period zoos function was recreational, less space for animals and large recreational area for visitors
London zoo: penguin pool 1934
exhibit suited towards entertainment of people
made for architecture, not natural for animals
Habitat immersion
natural habitat display
“an animal can’t be isolated, from the certain environment to which it has become adapted during eons of geological time without a serious misunderstanding of its true nature” Mark Akeley 1936
Best Zoos in the world
Philadephia zoos tiger enclosure
Zoo at Granby Quebec- conservation efforts and waterpark
Singapore Zoo- offers wildlife experiences, backstage pass to most popular exhibits behind the scene look at animals care, good breeding program
St Louis zoo, Missouri USA- dedicated to conserving animals
Berlin Zoological garden- only giant pandas in Germany
Mokopane biodiversity conservation centre, national zoological garden, - comprising zoo like environment, breeding camps and free ranging area, accommodates variety of African species
Zoological gardens
teach us about removing animals from their natural habitats
longevity and morality: extrinsic vs intrinsic cause of mortality, lifespan, aging
Lifestyle factors and health: diet, movement, sun, social groupings, sleep and chronic disease
Human element: cost, bureaucratic rules, conventional wisdom, commercial influences
A neutral approach to health: carnivores, herbivores, insectivores, frugivores, predators, warm blooded, cold blooded,
Are zoos still consumers of wild animals?
yes, but they can help save endangered species by keeping them in a safe environment
protected from poachers, predators, habitat loss and starvation
breeding programs
Botanical Gardens
Outdated-> digitization- circles, petting zoo, ethical
conservation, perspective, natural habitats
comfort for humans
animal sanctuaries
range of enclosures
animal, education, awareness, participation
Explain the similarities and differences between art museums and zoological gardens. specific examples from well known museums and gardens
they both are institutions that serve to educate and inspire visitors
SIMILARITIES:
1. Education and Conservation: both educate public about respective subjects, art museums teach about artistic styles, movements, artists. Zoo gardens teach about animal species, habitats and conservation efforts
- Exhibition Spaces: spaces where visitors can explore collections. Art museum display paintings, sculptures, pictures while zoo gardens exhibit live animals in naturalistic habitats
- cultural Importance: both hold significant cultural importance to societies around world. at=rt museums preserve and showcase cultural heritage thru visual arts. zoological gardens preserve and show biodiversity, wonders of nature
DIFFERENCES:
- Subject matter:art museums focus on human creativity, expression of visual arts. zoo gardens focus on diversity of life on earth
- Collections: art museums have static collections of works ofart, various time periods and regions. EX Louvre in Paris houses iconic Mona Lisa. MoMA in NY known for extensive collection of contemporary art.
Zoo gardens feature live collections of animals. San Diego Zoo California famous for diverse collection of animals from around world, pandas, elephants, gorillas - Interaction with Exhibits: visitors to art museums engage w exhibits thru visual observation and interpretation. learn about historical context of artworks and technique.
Zoological garden observe live animals up close, learn about behaviours , conservation status. interactive exhibits like feeding session - Conservation Focus: both have this but zoos have more direct role in wildlife conervation thru breeding programs, research initiatives, public education about endangered species
EX. Bronx Zoo NY involved in conservation projects aimed at protecting species like tigers, lemurs n sea turtles
both serve to educate and inspire visitors, through different mediums n subjects, reflecting humanities appreciation for both artistic expression and the natural world
Singapore Botanical Gardens
1859
10 000 species, 2000 hybrids
national flower, mist garden
national orchid garden
Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Brooklyn NY
landscape and water features for immersion
how plants grow and nature evolves thru seasons
May 13, 1911
Sakura festival, blooming trees
Shakespeare garden
Kirstenbosch Botanical Garden, Cape Town
one of the largest botanical gardens
leader in conservation space
Circa 1930
walkway w incredible views, one with LONG BRIDGE
sculpture garden
Montreal Botanical Garden
1931
220000 species
Garden Majorelle, Morocco
blue yellow turqoise
originally personal garden
Jacquees Majorelle, 1923
Foundation Monet, Giverny France
designed by Monet
artificial lakes, bridges, houssee
Japanese prints influence
technically not botanical
Kew Gardens, London England
largest botanical gardens collection in world
1759
300 acres
tree walkway
Palm court is a building for palms brought around the world in 19th c, diff time periods and purposes rather than the crystal palaces
2 structures show changing taste and values in 19th century
don’t know how many ppl worked on the installation of windowpanes in the crystal palace
Plant Collecting:
aim to make collection of plants more scientific, adding classification and categorization of plants
Jadin des plants and royal botanical garden in KEW
during 18/19 centuries, plant collecting became popular and endeavour, explores set out to discover new exotic plants from around world
plant experts commissioned by European collectors, botanical garden and horticultural societies to travel far off in search of new specimen
