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Marine Mammal Biology > Zoogeography > Flashcards

Zoogeography Flashcards

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0
Q

Odontocetes

A
  • lots of variation
    Examples:
    a. sperm whales - deep water, wide latitudinal range (pygmy and dwarf occupy warm T latitudes)
    b. narwhal (and many populations of belugas) - pagophilic, discontinuous circumpolar distribution (Arctic Ocean)
    c. beaked and bottlenose whales - deep water, very cryptic, antitropical
    Delphinids - d. deep, warm water (Stenella spp., Delphinus spp., Steno sp., and Lagenodelphis sp.)
    e. antitropical, offshore (Lagenorhyncus spp. and Lissodelphis spp.)
    f. coastal (humpback dolphins, Irrawaddy, Cephalorhynchus spp.)
    g. blackfish - wide range: tropical, antitropical, and killer whale (everywhere!)
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1
Q

Mysticetes

A
  • predominantly migratory (some spp. further than any other mammal) - food/energy and mating/nursing/calving
  • ex.s: bowhead whale - exclusively Arctic; gray whale - limited to shelf waters but highly migratory; blue/fin/sei/humpback - cosmopolitan
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2
Q

Dugongs

A
  • exclusively marine
  • seagrasses in Indo-West Pacific
  • sheltered warm waters (though can travel 100s of km)
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3
Q

West Indian manatee

A
  • salt/brackish/freshwater

- access to aquatic plants
- coastal range: SE US to Bahia Brazil (some in EP - transplantation in 1960s)

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4
Q

Amazonian manatee

A

confined to freshwater habitats

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5
Q

Otariids

A

mostly inhabit cool temperate and subpolar (or low latitudes influenced by cold, nutrient rich currents)
2. Arctocephalus spp. - distribution affected greatly by sealing
3. Zalophus spp. - 3, distinct populations: Japanese sea lion (Z. c. japonicus - may be extinct), Galapagos sea lion (Z. c. wollebaeki), California sea lion (Z. c. californianus)

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6
Q

Phocids

A

most widespread of pinnipeds: cover most latitudes and both hemispheres

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7
Q

Phocinae

A

northern group: e.g. bearded seals, ringed seals

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8
Q

Monachinae

A

southern group: e.g. monk seals, elephant seals

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9
Q

Baikal seals

A

lake Baikal in eastern Russia

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10
Q

SEA otters

A
  • Pacific coast - fragmented (exploitation); reintroduction
  • coastal (obligate consumers of benthic invertebrates)
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11
Q

POLAR BEARS

A
  • distribution mirrors northern phocid seals (primarily ringed seals) - live in close association with ice packs - depend on ice
  • male polar bears: true nomads
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12
Q

all marine mammals evolved from 2 terrestrial groups:

A
  1. Order Carnivora

2. Ungulata (group) - includes 5 Orders - hooved mammals

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13
Q

POLAR BEARS evolution

A
  • evidence – recent evolutionary offshoot of the
    brown bear
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14
Q

SEA OTTERS evolution

A
  • evolved from other mustelids (ferrets, weasels, etc.)
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15
Q

PhocidEvolution

A
  • most suggest otariids evolved first and then gave rise to phocids
  • monk seals – considered most basal/primitive
16
Q

Otariid Evolution

A
  • separation of fur seals and sea lions is based SOLELY on morphology: 1. underhair and 2. size
  • within subfamilies – distinguished by non-overlapping ranges
17
Q

Odobenid Evolution

A
  • not sure if more closely related to otariids or phocids
  • distinguished from ancestors by development of tusks - distinguished from other pinnipeds by suction feeding
18
Q

Suborder Archaeoceti

A

– extinct by end of Eocene - tidal and estuarine habitats
- had hind limbs (fossils)
- look reptilian

19
Q

3 major changes from this to fully aquatic:

A
  1. shift from 4-legged locomotion to swimming, 2. ability to drink seawater, 3. ability to give birth in water
20
Q

Odontocete Origins

A
  • not defined by retention of teeth (ancestral); possess 5 digits in flippers
  • rather: telescoped maxilla, asymmetrical skulls and soft tissue of face, unique diverticula in nasal passages, hypertrophied fatty melon, one nostril  echolocation
21
Q

Mysticete Origins

A
  • evolutionary transition in feeding (single prey to numerous, small prey) - evolved from cetaceans with teeth
  • only extant spp. to retain 5 digits: right whales (Family Balaenidae)
22
Q

SIRENIANS evolution

A

• related to ungulate clade that includes: elephants • have vestiges of pelvic girdle
• fossil record is taxonomically rich (but only 2 living groups: manatees and dugongs)

Marine Mammal Biology (4 decks)

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